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The Gastrointestinal System 2023 > Hepatitis > Flashcards

Hepatitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main manifestation of hepatitis viruses?

A

Liver disease

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2
Q

How is hepatitis A spread?

A

Faecal/oral route

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3
Q

Where is hepatitis A present?

A

Faeces - mainly

Urine - to a lesser extent

Not spread through blood contact

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4
Q

How do young children often present with hepatitis A?

A

They are often asymptomatic

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5
Q

At which age bracket is hepatitis A likely to be symptomatic?

A

Older children to young adults

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6
Q

Which coloured blood bottle (vial) top is used for blood samples to test for any type of hepatitis?

A

Yellow

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7
Q

Which antibody class can be detectable for hepatitis A?

A

IgM

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8
Q

Where is hepatitis E most common?

A

Tropics

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9
Q

How is hepatitis E spread?

A

Faecal/oral route

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10
Q

Hepatitis E is a zoonosis

True or false

A

True

It can be a zoonosis and this is often expected for cases in the UK

In the tropics it can spread from person to person

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11
Q

Is there a vaccine for hepatitis E?

A

No

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12
Q

When can hepatitis D be present?

A

Only with hepatitis B

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13
Q

How is hepatitis B transmitted?

A
  1. Sex
  2. Mother to child
  3. Blood
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14
Q

Tattoos, use of needles for drug use and unscreened transfusions are all indicative of which type of hepatitis?

A

B and C

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15
Q

How does the risk of acute versus chronic infection differ with increasing age?

A

Acute - increases with age

Chronic - decreases with age

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16
Q

Which antigen signifies a patient is both infected and infectious?

A

HBsAg+

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17
Q

Which timeframe signifies chronic hepatitis infection?

A

6 months

18
Q

An IgM test is of what use when it is known the patient has hepatitis?

A

It can aid in the differentiation between acute and chronic infection

19
Q

What does anti-HBe signify?

A

There is low infectivity

20
Q

Why do Canada, Alaska and Greenland have unusually high prevalence of hep B for being developed countries?

A

They have high indigeous populations

21
Q

In hep B, what does the presence of IgM confer about the length of time a patient has had the infection?

A

It is more commonly presented in recently infected individuals

22
Q

Which antibody is present when an individua has immunity against hep B?

A

Anti-HBs

23
Q

Which antigen is present in the blood of all infectious individuals with hep B?

A

HBsAg

24
Q

As well as HBsAG, which antigen is present in patients who are very infectious?

A

Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)

25
Q

Highly infectious individuals can have which three signs present in there blood test?

A
  1. HBsAg
  2. HBeAg
  3. High hep B viral DNA load
26
Q

Of the two, which is there a vaccine for, hep B or hep C?

A

Hep B

27
Q

Which is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis?

A

Hep E

28
Q

Why does hepatitis B infection often lead to hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Chronic infection leads to chronic hepatitis which will eventually progress to cirrhosis making the liver much more susceptible to cancer

29
Q

Is a spontaneous cure seen in hepatitis C?

A

No

(but it is seen in hep B)

30
Q

What is not given in the management of acute viral hepatitis?

A

Antivirals

31
Q

How is chronic viral hepatitis treated?

A

Antivirals

Vaccination (against other hep viruses), influenza and pneumococcal (if cirrhotic)

Decreased alcohol intake

32
Q

Which parents are treated as priority when there are many patients with hepatitis?

A

Those with cirrhosis

33
Q

What is interferon alfa?

A

Part of the immune response to viral infection

It is given as injection therapy after being pegylated

Used with ribavirin to treat hepatitis C

34
Q

What are the side effects of interferon alfa?

A

Flu like symptoms

Thyroid disease

Autoimmune disease (SLE)

Psychiatric disease

35
Q

What is a side effect of ribavirin, an antiviral?

A

Haemolytic anaemia

36
Q

How can chronic hepatitis B be treated?

A

Peginterferon

or

Suppressive antiviral drug such as entecavir, tenofovir

37
Q

What is a sustained virologcal response (SVR) to hep C?

A

Loss of HCV RNA in blood sustained to 6 months after the end of therapy

38
Q

What is the major problem with newer antiviral aiming to replace peginterfero and ribavirin?

A

They are very expensive

39
Q

Once chronic infection is established, which type of hepatitis will not see a spontaneous cure?

A

Hepatitis C

40
Q

There is a vaccine for hepatitis C

True or false?

A

False

There is no vaccine for hepatitis C

The Gastrointestinal System 2023 (27 decks)

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