Antibiotic Resistance and Stewardship

Question 1

What are antibiotics?

Answer 1

A naturally produced agent acting against bacteria

Question 2

What is the difference between antibiotic resistance and cinical antibiotic resistance?

Answer 2

In clinical antibiotic resistance, strains of bacteria immune to antibiotics are found within a population

Question 3

What is MDR resistance?

Answer 3

Multi-drug resistance

Resistance to at least one agent in 3 or more antimicrobial categories

Question 4

What is XDR resistance?

Answer 4

Extensively drug resistant

Resistant to at least one agent in all but 2 or fewer antimicrobial categories

(there are only 1-2 treatment options left)

Question 5

What is PDR resistance?

Answer 5

Pan-drug resistant bacteria

There are no agents suitbale to treat the organism

Question 6

What is transformation as a method of obtaining resistance?

Answer 6

Bacteria can scavenge resistant genes from dead bacteria

Question 7

What is transduction as a method of obtaining resistance?

Answer 7

Viruses can pick up resistant genes and transfer them from one form to another

Question 8

What is conjugation as a method of obtaining resistance?

Answer 8

Genes are transferred between bacterial cells through tubes called pili (bacterial sex)

Question 9

What is antimicrobial stewardship?

Answer 9

The organisational, or healthcare system wide approach to promoting and monitoring use of antimicrobials to preserve their effectiveness

Question 10

Which factors contribute to resistance?

Answer 10

Type of antibiotics (4Cs) and broad spectrum

Too long duration

Too many antibiotics

Previosu and repeated courses