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History - Early Tudors > Henry VIII's reign after 1529 > Flashcards

Henry VIII's reign after 1529 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who did Henry VIII replace Wolsey with?

A

Thomas More

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2
Q

What was the English reformation if not religiously motivated?

A

A religious one

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3
Q

Why did Henry desire a split from Rome

A

It would allow his divorce from Catherine of Aragon

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4
Q

Who was the Protestant reformation mainly down to?

A

Martin Luther

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5
Q

What was most of the legislation passed between 1529-36 directed towards?

A

Suppression of the church so they couldn’t oppose his desire for a divorce

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6
Q

What did parliament pass in 1533-34?

A

Acts that stood to abolish Papal power in England

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7
Q

What was the Act in Restraint to Appeals?

A

An act that prevented Catherine from appealing to Rome

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8
Q

What was the Act of Supremacy?

A

The act that confirmed Henry as the head of the Church of England

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9
Q

What were two other aspects of Papal Power in England that were affected by the acts passed in 1533-34?

A

1- Payments to Rome

2- Ended the Pope’s role in Church Appointments

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10
Q

What happened in the period 1536-39?

A

An attack on traditional Catholic practices

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11
Q

What was the Act of Ten Articles?

A

The act that rejected 4 of the 7 sacraments of Catholic beliefs

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12
Q

What were Royal Injunctions?

A

They attacked pilgrimages

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13
Q

What was Bishop’s book?

A

Reduced the importance of mass and purgatory

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14
Q

What was Matthew’s bible?

A

A protestant equivalent of the bible

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15
Q

Which bible was published in the period 1536-39 that wasn’t the Matthew’s bible?

A

The Great Bible

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16
Q

What did Henry ruthlessly advocate in the period 1539-43

A

The belief in the Eucharist, he punished those who disagreed

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17
Q

Was England protestant by the death of Henry VIII in 1547?

A

No, the majority of the population remained catholic and there were very few major doctrinal changes

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18
Q

What triggered the Dissolution of the monasteries?

A

The Valor Ecclesiasticus & Cromwells inspections which showed the Monasteries lacked spirit and were decayed

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19
Q

What the monasteries the source of for people living around them?

A

Employment, education and healthcare

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20
Q

How many phases were there in the dissolution of the monasteries?

A

Two:
1- 1536, closed monasteries that earnt under £200.
2- 1539-1540, the other ones

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21
Q

What were the funds taken from the dissolution meant to be used for?

A

The construction of things such as new colleges

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22
Q

What did the dissolution mean for the people who still opposed the break from Rome?

A

The could no longer argue, the most vocal opposition came from monastic houses

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23
Q

How did continental happenings influence the dissolution?

A

Religious houses in Germany and Scandinavia were being disolved which showed how life could function without church influence in England

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24
Q

What did the laity do as a result of the dissolution which acted as encouragement for Henry?

A

They took an interest in land, even those who disagreed could be appeased with profits

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25
Q

What was the ‘imperial idea’ Henry had about the monasteries that contributed to the dissolution?

A

He believed they shouldn’t owe an allegience to a parent institutions, this demonstrated Henry’s increased sense of xenophobia.

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26
Q

How did the idea of a Catholic crusade contribute to the dissolution?

A

The idea of a Catholic Crusade became real, the money gained from the dissolution could be used to help with fortifications

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27
Q

What was Henry accused of as a result of the wholesale destruction of Gothic churches?

A

Cultural Vandalism

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28
Q

What happened to the Monks and Friars as a result of the dissolution?

A

Many sought paid employment through the church but some were left in hardship

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29
Q

What happened to nuns as a result of the dissolution?

A

They still lived unable to marry or become priests

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30
Q

What happened to the poor as a result of the dissolution?

A

They suffered, monasteries were the original charities, offering support for the poor

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31
Q

What happened to Englands wealth as a result of the dissolution?

A

Nothing, it increased slightly but in the long-term it was of no advantage

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32
Q

What did the dissolution do to social hierarchy?

A

It allowed for the rise of the Gentry. Less land was in power of the church

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33
Q

What was the Pilgrimage of Grace? When was it?

A

A series of rebellions against Henry’s religious reforms n 1536

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34
Q

What were the names of the 3 key rebellions?

A

1- Lincolnshire Rising
2- The Pilgrimage of Grace
3- Bigod’s Rebellion

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35
Q

Did religion play a large part in the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A

Yes

36
Q

What did Aske claim was the largest factor for the pilgrimage of grace?

A

The dissolution

37
Q

What did the rebels manage to do with some of the monks during the pilgrimage of grace?

A

Restore them to their monasteries

38
Q

What happened to the harvests in 1535 and 1536 that might have contributed to the pilgrimage of grace?

A

They were very poor

39
Q

Where was Enclosure a problem? Did this contribute to the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A

York and the Lake District, yeah

40
Q

Who were some of the rebels complaining about in their demands during the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A

Cromwell

41
Q

How badly did the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels outnumber the Kings army?

A

5:1

42
Q

Which key city did the rebels in the Pilgrimage of Grace take?

A

York

43
Q

Which castle did the rebels in the Pilgrimage of Grace occupy? Was was this a negative?

A

Pontefract, it was known as the gateway to the south

44
Q

Did the Pilgrimage of Grace pull support from all classes?

A

Yeah

45
Q

Why was the support of all classes in the Pilgrimage of Grace not too big a threat?

A

They all had different motivations

46
Q

Why did the number of rebels not pose that big a threat to Henry during the Pilgrimage of Grace rebellions?

A

They weren’t an experienced military force

47
Q

Where did the rebels of the Pilgrimage of Grace never march?

A

South, towards London

48
Q

Who tutored Thomas Cromwell?

A

Wolsey

49
Q

Who secured the annulment of the King’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon? When?

A

Thomas Cromwell, 1534

50
Q

What did Cromwell make the King realise about the pope’s stance on the annulment?

A

Cromwell made the King realise that the pope will never favour Henry so should redact the pope’s power over such matters and give them to someone who will support Henry

51
Q

Why did Cromwell’s idea of replacing the Pope’s power for the annulment not work? How did Cromwell keep the King appeased?

A

The person to take over would have to be on level with the pope, the Archbishop of Canterbury of the time, Warham, was opposed to the annulment. Cromwell ensured Henry he’d be dead soon given he was 80+ but explored other avenues in the meantime, Parliament for example

52
Q

Why was Cromwell accused of Heresy?

A

Those who opposed him claimed he was trying to introduce a full Protestant church in England

53
Q

Why might have Cromwell fell from power as a result of Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves?

A

It was suggested Henry marry her to gain protestant German allies as a result of the French-Hapsburg peace, this didn’t last so Henry married an ugly woman of no advantage to him. This is unlikely as he was names Earl of Essex shortly after

54
Q

What was the key factor for the fall of Thomas Cromwell?

A

Factional conflict and Henry’s marriage to Catherine Howard

55
Q

What was the factional conflict that caused the downfall of Thomas Cromwell?

A

Norfolk and Gardiner led to Catholic faction, they enticed Henry with Norfolks second niece, Catherine Howard. Norfolk and Gardiner then gained the ability to influence Henry, convincing him to speed through the process of Attainder which led to the execution of Cromwell

56
Q

What happened to Henry’s ruling of England after Cromwell’s death?

A

It continued without a chief minister during a time where foreign policy dominated

57
Q

What are the key events that demonstrate factional conflicts between 1540-47?

A
  • Henry’s marriage to marriage to Catherine Howard
  • The fall of Catherine Howard
  • The attacks on Thomas Cranmer
  • The arrest of Catherine Parr
  • The fall of Gardiner and Norfolk
58
Q

Does Henry’s marriage to Catherine Howard demonstrate factional influence?

A

Yeah, the introduction of her to Henry after the Cleves marriage basically guaranteed Henry would be subject to the influence of the Catholic faction

59
Q

Why did Catherine Howard Fall?

A

She fell out of love with an ageing Henry and offered little political advantages or suggestions for him, it fell to Cranmer to tell him about her adultery

60
Q

How did Henry react to the knowledge of Catherine Howard’s infidelity and does this suggest he was a tyrant?

A

He executed Catherine and two others but allowed Norfolk to withdraw from court, acknowledging his loyalty to his court. It suggests he had regained control

61
Q

What happened with the attacks on Thomas Cranmer? Did this demonstrate that Henry was a tyrant?

A

The Catholic faction wished to charge him with Heresy, Henry heard of the plot and informed Cranmer to present a ring upon his arrest to speak to the King. Cranmer was then put in charge of his own trial so he was not punished.

This suggests he defending a loyal servant so wasn’t tyrannical. Others argue it was him demonstrating he could manipulate people to do anything.

62
Q

When was Catherine Parr arrested? On what charges?

A

1546, for being a heretic

63
Q

What happened when Catherine Parr was arrested?

A

She professed her loyalty to her husband which appeased him, he did not however, tell the Catholic faction so he could shout at them for attempted treason for insulting the Queen. Henry demonstrated he was in control but his wife didn’t NEED to go through that

64
Q

How did Gardiner and Norfolk fall?

A

Gardiner refused to hand land over to the crown so was removed from power

Norfolk’s son placed a royal coat of arms on the family emblem without permission, Henry’s heir wasn’t of age and Henry was ill so this raised alarms. Norfolk would have also been arrested if it had not been for Henry’s death before he could sign the death warrant

65
Q

What did the fall of Gardiner and Norfolk suggest about the 1540’s English factions?

A

The reformists were ‘victorious’

66
Q

How much was spent on Henry’s Foreign policy int he 1540’s?

A

£2 million

67
Q

What general policy did Henry follow in his 1540’s foreign policy?

A

Pro-Habsburg, anti-French

68
Q

What happened to Henry VIII in 1541 that meant he was angry at Scotland?

A

He agreed to meet James V at York but he failed to show

69
Q

When did Henry originally go to war with Scotland?

A

1542

70
Q

What Long-term grievances did Henry have against James V?

A

In the 30’s he was loyal to the French when he could have been of use to England.

71
Q

What was the most likely cause of War between Henry and James V?

A

The signing of an Anglo-Imperial alliance in 1542, it triggered border raids

72
Q

What did the border raids by James V in response to the Anglo-Imperial alliance of 1542 lead to?

A

The British victory at Solway Moss in 1542

73
Q

What happened soon after Scottish defeat at Solway Moss in 1542?

A

James V died, baby Mary took control of Scotland

74
Q

What treaty was formed in 1543 and what was the main proposal? How did Henry win over the Scottish nobility?

A

Treaties of Greenwich, proposed the Marriage of Edward to Mary. They bribed the nobles captured at Solway Moss

75
Q

How did Scottish handle the Treaties of Greenwich?

A

They rejected them, they didn’t hand Mary over to England

76
Q

What did Henry do as a result of the Scots rejection of the Treaties of Greenwich? Why was this not effective?

A

Sent the Earl of Hertford to lead a series of Scottish raids. This did not work because Henry also launched an attack on France so the EoH lacked manpower

77
Q

Who was Mary set to marry rather than Edward?

A

the French Dauphin

78
Q

What had Henry’s policies towards Scotland done in the 1540’s?

A

They had forced France and Scotland closer together, reinforcing the Auld Alliance and causing minimal damage to Scotland

79
Q

When did Henry go to war with France and what was the main achievement?

A

1544, he captured the town of Boulogne

80
Q

What was positive about Henry capturing Boulogne in 1544?

A

It showed that Henry could be effective without allied support, it demonstrated military power

81
Q

When did Henry make peace with France?

A

June 1546, under the Treaty of Camp

82
Q

What were the main terms of the 1546 Treaty of Camp?

A

England could retain Boulogne for 7 years and France would pay all outstanding pension payments

83
Q

What were the 4 economic downfalls of the war with France?

A

Debasement, Heavy taxation, forced loans and borrowing on the Antwerp money market

84
Q

What allies did Henry lose around the time of the war with France?

A

The Habsburgs, they had made peace with France

85
Q

Henry’s lack of allies after the war with France meant what?

A

France were free to invade England, made probable through the Auld alliance as Henry had also angered the Scots

History - Early Tudors (7 decks)

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