Henry VIII's reign after 1529 Flashcards
Who did Henry VIII replace Wolsey with?
Thomas More
What was the English reformation if not religiously motivated?
A religious one
Why did Henry desire a split from Rome
It would allow his divorce from Catherine of Aragon
Who was the Protestant reformation mainly down to?
Martin Luther
What was most of the legislation passed between 1529-36 directed towards?
Suppression of the church so they couldn’t oppose his desire for a divorce
What did parliament pass in 1533-34?
Acts that stood to abolish Papal power in England
What was the Act in Restraint to Appeals?
An act that prevented Catherine from appealing to Rome
What was the Act of Supremacy?
The act that confirmed Henry as the head of the Church of England
What were two other aspects of Papal Power in England that were affected by the acts passed in 1533-34?
1- Payments to Rome
2- Ended the Pope’s role in Church Appointments
What happened in the period 1536-39?
An attack on traditional Catholic practices
What was the Act of Ten Articles?
The act that rejected 4 of the 7 sacraments of Catholic beliefs
What were Royal Injunctions?
They attacked pilgrimages
What was Bishop’s book?
Reduced the importance of mass and purgatory
What was Matthew’s bible?
A protestant equivalent of the bible
Which bible was published in the period 1536-39 that wasn’t the Matthew’s bible?
The Great Bible
What did Henry ruthlessly advocate in the period 1539-43
The belief in the Eucharist, he punished those who disagreed
Was England protestant by the death of Henry VIII in 1547?
No, the majority of the population remained catholic and there were very few major doctrinal changes
What triggered the Dissolution of the monasteries?
The Valor Ecclesiasticus & Cromwells inspections which showed the Monasteries lacked spirit and were decayed
What the monasteries the source of for people living around them?
Employment, education and healthcare
How many phases were there in the dissolution of the monasteries?
Two:
1- 1536, closed monasteries that earnt under £200.
2- 1539-1540, the other ones
What were the funds taken from the dissolution meant to be used for?
The construction of things such as new colleges
What did the dissolution mean for the people who still opposed the break from Rome?
The could no longer argue, the most vocal opposition came from monastic houses
How did continental happenings influence the dissolution?
Religious houses in Germany and Scandinavia were being disolved which showed how life could function without church influence in England
What did the laity do as a result of the dissolution which acted as encouragement for Henry?
They took an interest in land, even those who disagreed could be appeased with profits
What was the ‘imperial idea’ Henry had about the monasteries that contributed to the dissolution?
He believed they shouldn’t owe an allegience to a parent institutions, this demonstrated Henry’s increased sense of xenophobia.
How did the idea of a Catholic crusade contribute to the dissolution?
The idea of a Catholic Crusade became real, the money gained from the dissolution could be used to help with fortifications
What was Henry accused of as a result of the wholesale destruction of Gothic churches?
Cultural Vandalism
What happened to the Monks and Friars as a result of the dissolution?
Many sought paid employment through the church but some were left in hardship
What happened to nuns as a result of the dissolution?
They still lived unable to marry or become priests
What happened to the poor as a result of the dissolution?
They suffered, monasteries were the original charities, offering support for the poor
What happened to Englands wealth as a result of the dissolution?
Nothing, it increased slightly but in the long-term it was of no advantage
What did the dissolution do to social hierarchy?
It allowed for the rise of the Gentry. Less land was in power of the church
What was the Pilgrimage of Grace? When was it?
A series of rebellions against Henry’s religious reforms n 1536
What were the names of the 3 key rebellions?
1- Lincolnshire Rising
2- The Pilgrimage of Grace
3- Bigod’s Rebellion
Did religion play a large part in the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Yes
What did Aske claim was the largest factor for the pilgrimage of grace?
The dissolution
What did the rebels manage to do with some of the monks during the pilgrimage of grace?
Restore them to their monasteries
What happened to the harvests in 1535 and 1536 that might have contributed to the pilgrimage of grace?
They were very poor
Where was Enclosure a problem? Did this contribute to the Pilgrimage of Grace?
York and the Lake District, yeah
Who were some of the rebels complaining about in their demands during the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Cromwell
How badly did the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels outnumber the Kings army?
5:1
Which key city did the rebels in the Pilgrimage of Grace take?
York
Which castle did the rebels in the Pilgrimage of Grace occupy? Was was this a negative?
Pontefract, it was known as the gateway to the south
Did the Pilgrimage of Grace pull support from all classes?
Yeah
Why was the support of all classes in the Pilgrimage of Grace not too big a threat?
They all had different motivations
Why did the number of rebels not pose that big a threat to Henry during the Pilgrimage of Grace rebellions?
They weren’t an experienced military force
Where did the rebels of the Pilgrimage of Grace never march?
South, towards London
Who tutored Thomas Cromwell?
Wolsey
Who secured the annulment of the King’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon? When?
Thomas Cromwell, 1534
What did Cromwell make the King realise about the pope’s stance on the annulment?
Cromwell made the King realise that the pope will never favour Henry so should redact the pope’s power over such matters and give them to someone who will support Henry
Why did Cromwell’s idea of replacing the Pope’s power for the annulment not work? How did Cromwell keep the King appeased?
The person to take over would have to be on level with the pope, the Archbishop of Canterbury of the time, Warham, was opposed to the annulment. Cromwell ensured Henry he’d be dead soon given he was 80+ but explored other avenues in the meantime, Parliament for example
Why was Cromwell accused of Heresy?
Those who opposed him claimed he was trying to introduce a full Protestant church in England
Why might have Cromwell fell from power as a result of Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves?
It was suggested Henry marry her to gain protestant German allies as a result of the French-Hapsburg peace, this didn’t last so Henry married an ugly woman of no advantage to him. This is unlikely as he was names Earl of Essex shortly after
What was the key factor for the fall of Thomas Cromwell?
Factional conflict and Henry’s marriage to Catherine Howard
What was the factional conflict that caused the downfall of Thomas Cromwell?
Norfolk and Gardiner led to Catholic faction, they enticed Henry with Norfolks second niece, Catherine Howard. Norfolk and Gardiner then gained the ability to influence Henry, convincing him to speed through the process of Attainder which led to the execution of Cromwell
What happened to Henry’s ruling of England after Cromwell’s death?
It continued without a chief minister during a time where foreign policy dominated
What are the key events that demonstrate factional conflicts between 1540-47?
- Henry’s marriage to marriage to Catherine Howard
- The fall of Catherine Howard
- The attacks on Thomas Cranmer
- The arrest of Catherine Parr
- The fall of Gardiner and Norfolk
Does Henry’s marriage to Catherine Howard demonstrate factional influence?
Yeah, the introduction of her to Henry after the Cleves marriage basically guaranteed Henry would be subject to the influence of the Catholic faction
Why did Catherine Howard Fall?
She fell out of love with an ageing Henry and offered little political advantages or suggestions for him, it fell to Cranmer to tell him about her adultery
How did Henry react to the knowledge of Catherine Howard’s infidelity and does this suggest he was a tyrant?
He executed Catherine and two others but allowed Norfolk to withdraw from court, acknowledging his loyalty to his court. It suggests he had regained control
What happened with the attacks on Thomas Cranmer? Did this demonstrate that Henry was a tyrant?
The Catholic faction wished to charge him with Heresy, Henry heard of the plot and informed Cranmer to present a ring upon his arrest to speak to the King. Cranmer was then put in charge of his own trial so he was not punished.
This suggests he defending a loyal servant so wasn’t tyrannical. Others argue it was him demonstrating he could manipulate people to do anything.
When was Catherine Parr arrested? On what charges?
1546, for being a heretic
What happened when Catherine Parr was arrested?
She professed her loyalty to her husband which appeased him, he did not however, tell the Catholic faction so he could shout at them for attempted treason for insulting the Queen. Henry demonstrated he was in control but his wife didn’t NEED to go through that
How did Gardiner and Norfolk fall?
Gardiner refused to hand land over to the crown so was removed from power
Norfolk’s son placed a royal coat of arms on the family emblem without permission, Henry’s heir wasn’t of age and Henry was ill so this raised alarms. Norfolk would have also been arrested if it had not been for Henry’s death before he could sign the death warrant
What did the fall of Gardiner and Norfolk suggest about the 1540’s English factions?
The reformists were ‘victorious’
How much was spent on Henry’s Foreign policy int he 1540’s?
£2 million
What general policy did Henry follow in his 1540’s foreign policy?
Pro-Habsburg, anti-French
What happened to Henry VIII in 1541 that meant he was angry at Scotland?
He agreed to meet James V at York but he failed to show
When did Henry originally go to war with Scotland?
1542
What Long-term grievances did Henry have against James V?
In the 30’s he was loyal to the French when he could have been of use to England.
What was the most likely cause of War between Henry and James V?
The signing of an Anglo-Imperial alliance in 1542, it triggered border raids
What did the border raids by James V in response to the Anglo-Imperial alliance of 1542 lead to?
The British victory at Solway Moss in 1542
What happened soon after Scottish defeat at Solway Moss in 1542?
James V died, baby Mary took control of Scotland
What treaty was formed in 1543 and what was the main proposal? How did Henry win over the Scottish nobility?
Treaties of Greenwich, proposed the Marriage of Edward to Mary. They bribed the nobles captured at Solway Moss
How did Scottish handle the Treaties of Greenwich?
They rejected them, they didn’t hand Mary over to England
What did Henry do as a result of the Scots rejection of the Treaties of Greenwich? Why was this not effective?
Sent the Earl of Hertford to lead a series of Scottish raids. This did not work because Henry also launched an attack on France so the EoH lacked manpower
Who was Mary set to marry rather than Edward?
the French Dauphin
What had Henry’s policies towards Scotland done in the 1540’s?
They had forced France and Scotland closer together, reinforcing the Auld Alliance and causing minimal damage to Scotland
When did Henry go to war with France and what was the main achievement?
1544, he captured the town of Boulogne
What was positive about Henry capturing Boulogne in 1544?
It showed that Henry could be effective without allied support, it demonstrated military power
When did Henry make peace with France?
June 1546, under the Treaty of Camp
What were the main terms of the 1546 Treaty of Camp?
England could retain Boulogne for 7 years and France would pay all outstanding pension payments
What were the 4 economic downfalls of the war with France?
Debasement, Heavy taxation, forced loans and borrowing on the Antwerp money market
What allies did Henry lose around the time of the war with France?
The Habsburgs, they had made peace with France
Henry’s lack of allies after the war with France meant what?
France were free to invade England, made probable through the Auld alliance as Henry had also angered the Scots
