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History - Early Tudors > Henry VII's Foreign Policy > Flashcards

Henry VII's Foreign Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

How was Henry VII’s relationship with Brittany?

A

Good, the Duchy of Brittany had offered Henry refuge when he fled England in 1481

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2
Q

France wanted to incorporate Brittany into France, why would this be bad for Henry?

A

All channel land would be owned by the French

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3
Q

When did France offer aid for England? Why was support for Brittany negative as a result of this?

A

They offered finance for his invasion of 1485, support for Brittany may antagonise the French as B & F were opponents, the French had the strongest army on the continent.

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4
Q

Who were France allied with that made them dangerous for England and under what alliance?

A

Scotland under the Auld alliance

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5
Q

Were Scotland a threat? How did Henry handle the border raids?

A

They were a nuisance by themselves, the Auld Alliance made them slightly worse.Henry placed expensive garrisons in Carlisle and Berwick

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6
Q

Who married to form Spain?

A

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

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7
Q

What were Spain’s main intentions?

A

1- To drive the moors out of Granada2- Retake land that France had taken

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8
Q

Why were Spain likely to see England as an ally rather than a threat?

A

They were seeking land from the French, England were their natural enemy so Spain had a mutual Enemy with France

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9
Q

Why was Burgundy a direct threat to Henry VII?

A

Margaret, the sister of Richard III had married the Duke of Burgundy and used it as a Yorkist stronghold. Henry could not cut them off though due to the cloth trade.

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10
Q

How big a threat was the Holy Roman Empire to England?

A

It wasn’t, it appeared strong but the Emperor had limited power and many of it’s aims revolved around finding land in Italy.

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11
Q

How significant was Henry’s foreign policy in terms of importance?

A

Henry’s foreign policy was subordinate to his domestic policy, with it centring around ensuring dynastic security

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12
Q

Did Henry VII try and avoid war?

A

Yeah, the economic status of England meant they couldn’t afford the conflict

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13
Q

What three periods are Henry’s foreign policy divided into?

A

1485 - 1592 - Policy of diplomacy to secure the throne1493 - 1502 - Peace with Scotland where Henry appeared stronger1503 - 1509 - Henry appears weak and is diplomatically isolated

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14
Q

What was the Breton Crisis?

A

France wanted to bring Brittany under French control, Spain, Brittany and England opposed.

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15
Q

Who was supposed to marry who and what happened to trigger the Breton Crisis?

A

The Duke of Brittany had agreed to marry his Daughter to Maximilian, the French regent offered Charles VIII to the Duke’s daughter also. The French ignored Maximilian and send a force into Brittany in 1488 to enforce their aim.

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16
Q

When did the French invade Brittany for the Breton crisis?

A

1488

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17
Q

How did the rest of Europe respond to the French invasion of Brittany in 1488?

A

Maximilian and Ferdinand of Aragon sent a force in to fight the French, the Duke of Brittany asked Henry for help

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18
Q

What did Henry do when the Duke of Brittany asked him for help?

A

Attempted to negotiate between the Bretons and the French, this was unsuccessful

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19
Q

What treaty did Henry sign with Brittany during the crisis, when was it and what did it entail?

A

Treaty of Redon in 1489 that meant Henry would send 6k troops into Brittany paid for by them

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20
Q

When did Maximilian make peace with France?

A

1489

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21
Q

Spain made peace with France during the Breton crisis despite what treaty?

A

The Treaty of Medina del Campo

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22
Q

Why was Henry sending troops to Brittany dangerous?

A

They (England) couldn’t face France alone and they’d given him financial aid in 1485.

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23
Q

When did Brittany accept defeat and who were married as a result?

A

December 1491. It led to the marriage of Anne of Brittany and Charles VIII of France.

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24
Q

Why did Brittanys defeat in the Breton Crisis put England in bad standing in 3 respects?

A
  • They’d gone to war to defend Brittany and lost- France could launch an attack from anywhere on the coast- Henry had raised a sum to fund a war which was not fought, if he made peace both money and credibility would be lost
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25
Q

Why did Henry wish to go to war with France in 1492?

A

He wanted to assert his claim to the French throne

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26
Q

What was smart about Henry VII’s French invasion plan in 1492?

A

It was done at the end of campaigning season (October) so any conflict would be short

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27
Q

What was Charles more concerned with than England during the 1492 invasion of France?

A

The invasion of Italy

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28
Q

What treaty was signed between Henry and Charles in 1492 as a result of Charles wanting to invade Italy?

A

The treaty of Etaples, 1492

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29
Q

What three key things did the Treaty of Etaples establish?

A

1- Give no aid to English Rebels2- Pay arrears of the Treaty of Picquigny3- Pay most of Henry’s expenses in Brittany

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30
Q

What was the financial gain for Henry out of the Treaty of Etaples?

A

£5k yearly

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31
Q

When was the League of Venice established and what was its intention?

A

1495, to drive France out of Italy

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32
Q

When was it revamped and what was it revamped into?

A

1492, into the Holy League

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33
Q

Whose idea was it include England in the Holy league, why was this?

A

Ferdinand of Aragon, he thought it would be dangerous not to

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34
Q

What was the one condition for England joining the Holy League?

A

They couldn’t be bound to go to war, suggesting they wanted a neutral England

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35
Q

What did Henry do with France at the same time as joining the Holy League?

A

He signed a trade agreement with France

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36
Q

Henry tried to make a three-way agreement between England, France and the Netherlands, what was he trying to form?

A

An anti-Ferdinand alliance

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37
Q

by 1508 Henry had established what against Ferdinand of Spain?

A

The League of Cambrai

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38
Q

Why did the League of Cambrai never fully form?

A

Louis XII, King of France pulled out from fear of antagonising Ferdinand

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39
Q

Why did Louis XII pull out of the League of Cambrai agreement?

A

Him and Ferdinand had made an agreement over Itlay, he didn’t want to risk it

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40
Q

What happened between Louis XII and Ferdinand of Aragon after he withdrew from the League of Cambrai agreement?

A

Louis bribed Ferdinand into forming their own alliance

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41
Q

Which country was the new League after the League of Cambrai and was Henry involved?

A

The agreement was anti-Vatican, not anti-Spanish and Henry wasn’t invited to be a part

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42
Q

Even though Henry had been isolated from the anti-Venice league was he in a dangerous position?

A

No, they did not threaten his interests and the members still supported him

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43
Q

What alliance united France and Scotland? When was it signed?

A

The Auld Alliance, 1295

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44
Q

Who did Scotland favour? Henry or Richard III?

A

Henry VII?

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45
Q

When was the initial three-year truce signed between England and Scotland?

A

July 1486

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46
Q

What ended the 1486 truce between England and Scotland?

A

The assassination of James III in 1488

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47
Q

Why did the death of James III in 1488 make conflict between England and Scotland less probable?

A

James IV was only 15, he couldn’t head an army so was unlikely to wage war against Henry

48
Q

Why was there still a risk of conflict between Henry and Scotland upon the ascension of James IV?

A

Some Scottish regents were anti-English as a result of their support for Brittany in the Breton Crisis

49
Q

How did Henry avert the problems with Scottish Nobles while James IV was 15?

A

He kept contact with Scottish Nobles, headed by the Earl of Angus

50
Q

Who did Henry offer shelter too in 1492 and who did it bring to power?

A

He sheltered the Scottish nobles who overthrew the anti-English regents, this brought the Earl of Angus back to power

51
Q

What happened as a result of the Earl of Angus being in power after 1492?

A

The singing of a nine year truce between Scotland and England in 1492

52
Q

What happened in 1495 that ended the nine-year truce between England and Scotland?

A

James IV came of age so wanted to assert dominance by warring with England

53
Q

Why James IV never go to war with Henry VII?

A

He was aware of England’s good standing in Europe and thought Parliament had raised funds for an invasion, he didn’t want to take the risk

54
Q

What happened as a result of James IV not warring with Henry VII?

A

The Truce of Ayton in 1497

55
Q

When did the Truce of Ayton become a full treaty and under what circumstances?

A

1497 upon the execution of Perkin Warbeck

56
Q

Which marriage reinforced the Treaty of Ayton?

A

The marriage between Margaret, Henry VII’s Daughter and James IV in 1503

57
Q

What didn’t happen as a result of James and Margarets marriage in 1503? Why not?

A

Perpetual peace, James expanded his navy which increased tensions and Scotland remained part of the Auld Alliance

58
Q

Which two kingdoms united to form Spain?

A

Aragon and Castile

59
Q

Who married to unite Aragon and Castile? When did this wedding take place?

A

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, 1469

60
Q

What solidified the new kingdom of Spain a decade after the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella?

A

Their victory in the 1479 civil war

61
Q

What common enemy did England have with Spain?

A

France

62
Q

What did Henry propose to Spain in 1488?

A

The marriage between their daughter, Catherine of Aragon and Henry’s son, Arthur.

63
Q

Why were the marriage negotiations in 1488 between England and Spain difficult?

A

Both nations wanted the most advantageous agreement for them

64
Q

What happened in the March of 1489?

A

The Treaty of Medina del Campo

65
Q

What did the Treaty of Medina del Campo (1489) Propose?

A
  • Arthur Tudor and Catherine of Aragon would Marry- Catherine’s dowry would be £40k- Spain would offer no support for English rebels- There would be benefits for trade between England and Spain- If either country warred with France the other was to intervene
66
Q

When was the final marriage agreement with Spain made for the marriage of Arthur and Catherine? How long did it take for Catherine to arrive in England?

A

1496, 1501

67
Q

What other marriage in Spanish relations meant Henry valued the Medina del Campo?

A

Joanna had married Philip of Burgundy, Henry could use the ties to Spain to have an alliance with Burgundy

68
Q

What happened five months into Arthur and Catherines marriage?

A

Arthur died

69
Q

What was Henry’s contingency for the death of Arthur so the ending of the Spanish Alliance?

A

Catherine of Aragon should marry his other son, Henry

70
Q

When was the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry (VIII) agreed?

A

1503

71
Q

When did the actual marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry (VIII) take place?

A

1509

72
Q

What when did Isabella of Castile die?

A

1504

73
Q

What did the death of Isabella of Castile cause?

A

The Castilian succession crisis

74
Q

How long did the Castilian succession crisis last?

A

1504 - 1506

75
Q

What did the death of Isabella of Castile end?

A

It ended the Anti-French alliance of England, Spain and the Netherlands

76
Q

What did Isabella of Castile’s will state?

A

That Joanna would inherit Castile while Ferdinand would return to ruling just Aragon

77
Q

What happened for Henry when Philip of Burgundy tried to claim Castile for Joanna while Ferdinand refused?

A

He was in a position where he needed to choose between losing the cloth trade with the Netherlands by preserving links with Ferdinand or losing ties with Spain through preservation of Spanish ties

78
Q

Why was Philip of Burgundy able to influence Henry during the Castilian succession crisis?

A

They (the Netherlands) were sheltering the Earl of Suffolk who could launch a Yorkist attack on the English Throne

79
Q

If Castile was to come under Burgundian influence what would that mean for Henry and Catherine’s marriage?

A

It would bring England far less benefit than it would if she held Castile

80
Q

Who did Philip turn to for support during the Castilian Succession Crisis? Why was this surprising?

A

Louis XII of France, this was surprising as Aragon and France were usually hostile to one another

81
Q

Louis XII’s assistance of Ferdinand of Aragon in the pursuit for Castile caused Philip of Burgundy to do what?

A

Sail to Castile to secure his wife’s inheritence

82
Q

The close relations between France and Spain did what to Britain and Burgundy? What did Henry do for Philip?

A

Forced them close together diplomatically, Henry lent Philip money to finance his expedition

83
Q

Who did Henry consider marrying which suggested a breakdown in Anglo-Spanish relations during the Castilian succession crisis?

A

Margaret of Savoy, Philips sister

84
Q

Henry kept what from Ferdinand which antagonised him during the CSC?

A

Cathrine’s Dowry

85
Q

What happened with the weather during the CSC that made Henry almost entirely abandon Spain?

A

Bad weather made Philip land in England, while Henry’s guest he was persuaded to sign a treaty that meant;
1- The Earl of Suffolk was handed over to Henry
2- Henry’s son, Henry would marry Philips sister

86
Q

When did Philip and Joanna receive a positive welcome in Castile?

A

April 1506

87
Q

What failed to materialise for Ferdinand in 1506? What was he forced to do as a result?

A

French support, forced with withdraw to Aragon

88
Q

What happened in September 1506?

A

Philip died

89
Q

What did Philips death in 1506 mean for the state of Castile and Burgundy?

A

Ferdinand retook Castile, Maximilian took the Regency for Burgundy and Joanna of Castile had a breakdown

90
Q

Ferdinand’s retaking of Castile, The new Regent of Burgundy and the breakdown of Joanna meant what for Henry VII?

A

An Anglo-Spanish marriage was more appealing

91
Q

What did Henry fear from France now Maximilian was Regent of Burgundy?

A

They would attempt to seize lands to increase their empire

92
Q

How did Henry attempt to restore the English-Burgundian-Spanish alliance after the death of Philip? Did this work?

A

A proposal of his marriage to Joanna, this did not work, Ferdinand refused his offer and didn’t send the rest of Catherine’s dowry

93
Q

What did Henry do in 1508? What did he seek instead?

A

He abandoned the Anglo-Burgundian-Spanish alliance in favour of an agreement between England, France and Burgundy

94
Q

What did Henry Revoke, which marriage was he trying to speed up by doing this?

A

Magnus Intercursus, for the marriage between his daughter, Mary and Charles of Ghent to win Burgundian support

95
Q

What other Marriage did Henry arrange alongside Mary & Charles of Ghent?

A

Archduke Charles, son of Joanna and Philip to Mary

96
Q

What marriage did Henry organise to embarrass Spain?

A

Henry offered his son, Henry to the niece of Louis XII

97
Q

How did English foreign policy appear by 1508?

A

It appeared that by 1508 England had created an anti-Spanish alliance.

98
Q

What happened towards the end of 1508 that ended Henry’s apparent anti-Spanish alliance?

A

Louis XII decided he couldn’t antagonise Spain so made an agreement with Ferdinand. This led to the 1508 League of Cambria

99
Q

What trade agreement was carried in the Medina del Campo treaty?

A

It allowed the export of goods from Spain in foreign ships

100
Q

What was Henry’s biggest trade?

A

The Cloth Trade through Antwerp

101
Q

When was the Magnus Intercursus and what was its intention?

A

1496, it’s intention was to expand Henry’s cloth trade and lift the embargo placed on the trade in 1493 as a result of Margaret of Burgundy’s support of Warbeck

102
Q

When did Henry place an embargo on the Cloth trade? Why did he do this?

A

1493 - 1496, Margaret of Burgundy supported Perkin Warbeck

103
Q

What did the Magnus Intercursus allow?

A

English merchants to trade wholesale anywhere in Philip’s land without paying tolls and customs (besides Flanders)

104
Q

What was developed in 1506 when Henry VII sheltered Philip of Burgundy?

A

The Malus Intercurus

105
Q

What were the 4 main features of the Malus Intercursus

A

1- Trade with Burgundy would be free
2- Philip was to not impose any duties on the sale of English cloth
3- Philip was to not exclude English cloth from his lands
4- Philips subjects still had to pay the Magnus Intercursus duties

106
Q

When did the Malus Intercursus end? Why?

A

1507, it was far too favourable for English merchants

107
Q

What did Henry originally keep Spain exempt from in trade?

A

Duties on the import of English goods

108
Q

What did the Navigation Acts of 1485-86 impose?

A

Forbade English merchants from moving their products on foreign ships if English ones were available

109
Q

How did Spain retaliate to the Navigation acts?

A

Spanish goods couldn’t be exported on foreign ships if Spanish ones were available

110
Q

What treaty ended the dispute caused by the Navigation acts?

A

Treaty of Medina del Campo

111
Q

What did Spain never allow Henry access to for trading?

A

The New World

112
Q

Who dominated Mediterranean trade?

A

The Venetians

113
Q

What did the Venetians do to English ships?

A

Imposed Very Heavy duties

114
Q

How did Henry retaliate to the Heavy Venetian duties?

A

Imposed them back on them and approached Florence as an alternative trading partner in 1490

115
Q

How did the Venetians respond to Henry approaching Florence as an alternate trading partner?

A

They dropped the heavy duties imposed on English ships

History - Early Tudors (7 decks)

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