Henry VIII foreign policy/succession

Question 1

What happened in FP in 1510?

Answer 1

Renewal of the Treaty of Etaples

Question 2

What happened in FP in 1511?

Answer 2

Anglo-Spanish agreement to attack France

Question 3

What happened in FP in 1512?

Answer 3

April - 12,000 under the Marquis of Dorset sent to Bayonne in Aquitaine. Ferdinand used England as a diversion to attack Navarre. Failure for England as no land captured.

Question 4

What happened in FP in 1513?

Answer 4

June - Battle of the Spurs. Henry personally leads 30,000 men to Calais, capturing Tournai and Therouanne with little resistance. Tournai garrisoned until 1518 (sold back to France because it was too expensive to maintain)

September - Battle of Flodden Field. James IV killed, Henry’s sister Margaret becomes regent

Question 5

What happened in FP in 1514?

Answer 5

Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, making peace with France.

Henry was financially pressured into making peace - he had spent £960,000 on French wars, but his annual income was only £110,000 p.a.

Question 6

What happened in FP in 1515?

Answer 6

Francis I became King of France - immediately invaded northern Italy.

Question 7

What happened in 1516 in FP?

Answer 7

Charles V succeeded to the throne of Spain

Question 8

What happened in FP in 1517?

Answer 8

Peace of Cambrai between Ferdinand, Maximillian and Francis - England excluded

Margaret overthrown as regent

Question 9

What happened in FP in 1518?

Answer 9

Treaty of London united 20 European countries in a non-aggression pact

Question 10

What happened in FP in 1519?

Answer 10

Charles V becomes HRE - breakdown of Treaty of London

Question 11

What happened in FP in 1520?

Answer 11

Field of the Cloth of Gold - little diplomatic value

Question 12

What happened in FP in 1521?

Answer 12

Treaty of Bruges, in which England and HRE agreed to invade France

Question 13

What happened in FP in 1522?

Answer 13

Henry tried to invade France a year earlier than agreed - failed as Charles V did not participate

Question 14

What happened in FP in 1523?

Answer 14

Failed 3-pronged attack (400,000 troops sent under Suffolk, but lack of supplies and weather caused issues)

Question 15

What happened in FP in 1525?

Answer 15

Francis I captured at Battle of Pavia

Charles called off marriage with Mary

Treaty of More - gave up rights of English kings to the French throne (masterminded by Wolsey)

Question 16

What happened in FP in 1526?

Answer 16

Treaty of Cognac - alliance between France and several Italian states (Wolsey helped establish and finance it but England never joined)

Question 17

What happened in FP in 1527?

Answer 17

Sack of Rome

Treaty of Westminster between France and England against Charles

Question 18

What happened in FP in 1529?

Answer 18

Treaty of Cambrai ended the war between Francis and Charles (England included in this treaty due to diplomatic efforts of Wolsey)

Question 19

What happened in FP in 1534?

Answer 19

Relations between Kildare and Henry broke down, leading to Kildare’s dismissal. This sparked a major rebellion led by his son Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of Ossory, which was suppressed with difficulty (Ossory and his 5 uncles were attainted and executed)

An attempt to refashion Irish government to bring it under English control failed utterly.

Question 20

What happened in FP in 1538?

Answer 20

Pope excommunicated Henry

Truce of Nice between Charles and Francis raised fears of invasions

James V marries Marie of Guise (Auld Alliance reemphasised)

Question 21

What happened in FP in 1539?

Answer 21

Two Gaelic lords, Con O’Neill and Manus O’Donnell invaded the Pale

Question 22

What happened in FP in 1540?

Answer 22

Disastrous marriage between Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves

Question 23

What happened in FP in 1541?

Answer 23

Ireland established as a separate kingdom - all land was surrendered to the Crown, new counties were created along the lines of Gaelic lordships and there was an attempt to extend English common law (this took until the early 17th century to complete due to its complexity and cost)

Henry declared himself King of Ireland

Question 24

What happened in FP in 1542?

Answer 24

Battle of Solway Moss - James V dies a week later, leaving the Crown to infant Mary, Queen of Scots

Question 25

What happened in FP in 1543?

Answer 25

Treaty of Greenwich (signed on 1st July, rejected by Scottish Parliament on 11th December) - prompted ‘rough wooing’

Question 26

What happened in FP in 1544?

Answer 26

Earl of Hertford led a series of raids along the Scottish border, especially in Edinburgh and Dunbar

Henry captured Boulogne with a force of 48,000 men

Charles and Francis sign a peace treaty at Crepy

Question 27

What happened in FP in 1545?

Answer 27

Failed French invasion of England due to French incompetence, bad weather and no base to land troops

Question 28

What happened in FP in 1546?

Answer 28

Treaty of Ardres made peace between England and France

War in France had cost Henry £2,000,000

Question 29

What happened in 1516 to secure the succession?

Answer 29

Princess Mary born

Question 30

What happened in 1533 to secure the succession?

Answer 30

Princess Elizabeth born

Question 31

What happened in 1534 to secure the succession?

Answer 31

1st Succession Act confirms Liz as heir, declares Mary illegitimate

Question 32

What happened in 1536 to secure the succession?

Answer 32

2nd Succession Act repeals the 1st - declared Liz illegitimate and stated that Henry can determine the succession by will

Question 33

What happened in 1537 to secure the succession?

Answer 33

Prince Edward born, becomes royal heir

Question 34

What happened in 1544 to secure the succession?

Answer 34

Reinstated Mary and Elizabeth into the succession, reaffirms that Henry can determine the succession by will

Question 35

What happens in 1546 to secure the succession?

Answer 35

Henry’s will confirms the 1544 Act