Henry VIII foreign policy/succession Flashcards
What happened in FP in 1510?
Renewal of the Treaty of Etaples
What happened in FP in 1511?
Anglo-Spanish agreement to attack France
What happened in FP in 1512?
April - 12,000 under the Marquis of Dorset sent to Bayonne in Aquitaine. Ferdinand used England as a diversion to attack Navarre. Failure for England as no land captured.
What happened in FP in 1513?
June - Battle of the Spurs. Henry personally leads 30,000 men to Calais, capturing Tournai and Therouanne with little resistance. Tournai garrisoned until 1518 (sold back to France because it was too expensive to maintain)
September - Battle of Flodden Field. James IV killed, Henry’s sister Margaret becomes regent
What happened in FP in 1514?
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, making peace with France.
Henry was financially pressured into making peace - he had spent £960,000 on French wars, but his annual income was only £110,000 p.a.
What happened in FP in 1515?
Francis I became King of France - immediately invaded northern Italy.
What happened in 1516 in FP?
Charles V succeeded to the throne of Spain
What happened in FP in 1517?
Peace of Cambrai between Ferdinand, Maximillian and Francis - England excluded
Margaret overthrown as regent
What happened in FP in 1518?
Treaty of London united 20 European countries in a non-aggression pact
What happened in FP in 1519?
Charles V becomes HRE - breakdown of Treaty of London
What happened in FP in 1520?
Field of the Cloth of Gold - little diplomatic value
What happened in FP in 1521?
Treaty of Bruges, in which England and HRE agreed to invade France
What happened in FP in 1522?
Henry tried to invade France a year earlier than agreed - failed as Charles V did not participate
What happened in FP in 1523?
Failed 3-pronged attack (400,000 troops sent under Suffolk, but lack of supplies and weather caused issues)
What happened in FP in 1525?
Francis I captured at Battle of Pavia
Charles called off marriage with Mary
Treaty of More - gave up rights of English kings to the French throne (masterminded by Wolsey)
What happened in FP in 1526?
Treaty of Cognac - alliance between France and several Italian states (Wolsey helped establish and finance it but England never joined)
What happened in FP in 1527?
Sack of Rome
Treaty of Westminster between France and England against Charles
What happened in FP in 1529?
Treaty of Cambrai ended the war between Francis and Charles (England included in this treaty due to diplomatic efforts of Wolsey)
What happened in FP in 1534?
Relations between Kildare and Henry broke down, leading to Kildare’s dismissal. This sparked a major rebellion led by his son Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of Ossory, which was suppressed with difficulty (Ossory and his 5 uncles were attainted and executed)
An attempt to refashion Irish government to bring it under English control failed utterly.
What happened in FP in 1538?
Pope excommunicated Henry
Truce of Nice between Charles and Francis raised fears of invasions
James V marries Marie of Guise (Auld Alliance reemphasised)
What happened in FP in 1539?
Two Gaelic lords, Con O’Neill and Manus O’Donnell invaded the Pale
What happened in FP in 1540?
Disastrous marriage between Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves
What happened in FP in 1541?
Ireland established as a separate kingdom - all land was surrendered to the Crown, new counties were created along the lines of Gaelic lordships and there was an attempt to extend English common law (this took until the early 17th century to complete due to its complexity and cost)
Henry declared himself King of Ireland
What happened in FP in 1542?
Battle of Solway Moss - James V dies a week later, leaving the Crown to infant Mary, Queen of Scots
What happened in FP in 1543?
Treaty of Greenwich (signed on 1st July, rejected by Scottish Parliament on 11th December) - prompted ‘rough wooing’
What happened in FP in 1544?
Earl of Hertford led a series of raids along the Scottish border, especially in Edinburgh and Dunbar
Henry captured Boulogne with a force of 48,000 men
Charles and Francis sign a peace treaty at Crepy
What happened in FP in 1545?
Failed French invasion of England due to French incompetence, bad weather and no base to land troops
What happened in FP in 1546?
Treaty of Ardres made peace between England and France
War in France had cost Henry £2,000,000
What happened in 1516 to secure the succession?
Princess Mary born
What happened in 1533 to secure the succession?
Princess Elizabeth born
What happened in 1534 to secure the succession?
1st Succession Act confirms Liz as heir, declares Mary illegitimate
What happened in 1536 to secure the succession?
2nd Succession Act repeals the 1st - declared Liz illegitimate and stated that Henry can determine the succession by will
What happened in 1537 to secure the succession?
Prince Edward born, becomes royal heir
What happened in 1544 to secure the succession?
Reinstated Mary and Elizabeth into the succession, reaffirms that Henry can determine the succession by will
What happens in 1546 to secure the succession?
Henry’s will confirms the 1544 Act
