Henry VIII after 1529 Flashcards
1
Q
Pilgrimage of Grace
A
- Discontent over Reformations under Henry VIII
- Combined w/ Lincolnshire Rising, Bigod Revolt and Cumberland rising- forces 40,000 marching to York.
- Outnumbered King 5:1
- Didn’t move south or threaten Henry
- Protested Dissolution of the Monasteries, 1536.
- 178 rebels hung afterwards, including Robert Aske & Darcy
- Rebellion stopped from rebuilding
2
Q
Religious Changes 1530s-40s (CROMWELL)
A
- Dissolution of monasteries + smaller ones (>£200/yr)
- Ten Articles (rejected 4/7 sacraments of Catholic belief)
- Royal Injunctions (attacked Catholic practice of pilgrimages)
All in 1536, attacked traditional Catholic beliefs.
3
Q
Henry VIII Used by Faction
A
- Catherine Howard used by Norfolk to engineer fall of Cromwell, his infatuation let them rush through his execution.
- Cromwell’s execution made Thomas Crammer vulnerable to a Catholic faction attack. -> Henry warned him of the plot.
- Catherine Parr arrested for being a heretic, won Henry over. -> His choice of Parr was realistic, she was grounded.
4
Q
Henry’s foreign policy 1540s
A
- Henry’s 3rd war w/ France, £2,000,000+ - Drained national resources, 12yrs of income
- Boulogne captured 1544
- Treaty of Camp, June 1546- peace w France.
- By end of reign, Henry w/o allies as Hapsburg made peace w/ France
- Henry won Scottish war at Solway Moss in Nov. 1542
- James V died, Mary new ruler of Scotland was just a baby
- Marraige agreed at 1543 Treaties of Greenwich but Mary + Edward never married, so lost alliance
5
Q
Henry VIII not Used by Faction
A
- Henry warned Cramner of the plot against him, gave ring as sign of trust
- Catherine Howard allowed Henry to recapture his youth
- Henry prevented the arrest of Catherine Parr
6
Q
Religious Changes 1540-43 (Henry’s dive back Catholicism)
A
- 1540 Cromwell executed
- 1543 King’s Book (Defended transubstatiation)
- 1543 Act for the Advancement of True Religion (bible for u/class only)
7
Q
Religious changes 1543-47 (Tensions at the top)
A
- 1546 Anne Askew burnt for denying transubstantiation (C)
- 1544 English Litany (form of prayer used in services, Priests didn’t have to use it however) (P)
8
Q
What were the reasons for dissolution of the monasteries? [3]
A
Money:
- £1.3 million from land sales
- Henry was an extravagant spender, wanted to fund French war
- DOUBLES YEARLY INCOME, “richest Prince in Christendom”
Protestant Beliefs:
- Cromwell was a protestant, stressed his values
- Religious houses had already been dissolved in Germany and Scandinavia
- Monasteries upheld belief in purgatory, seen as upholders of trad. religion#
Condition:
- 1535 Valor Ecclesiasticus census showed monasteries had poor condition
- Fountains Abbey: Corruption & wealth prevalent e.g. Huby’s Tower
- Comperta Monastica: contained list of transgressions and abuses admitted by monks and nuns
9
Q
Reasons for fall of Cromwell [3]
A
Faction:
- Norfolk and Gardiner used N’s niece Catherine Howard to entice Henry, he was infatuated
- Due to infatuation, Catholic faction persuaded H. of stories about Cromwell
- Led to King rushing through Attainder & then execution
Heresy:
- Henry is okay with break from Rome and the Dissolution
- Likely used as an excuse, as Cramner, a married priest escaped punishment
- Accused of bringing a fully Protestant church to England
Cleves:
- Marriage to Anne of Cleves in 1539 - Cromwell orchestrated it to try reduce tensions between Hapsburgs + France
- Marriage was disaster, H. found her unattractive: “Flander’s mare”
- This did not bring about his fall, Cromwell later titled ‘Earl of Essex’
10
Q
To what extent was Henry in control of his succession?
A
Not in control:
- Denny & Paget were able to filter who and what reached the king
- Able to influence him in their private conversations
- Denny had control over the dry stamp
11
Q
Why did Henry go to war with France? [2+evidence]
A
England was a military force:
- Captured Boulongue in 1544
- More than Charles or Francis were able to achieve
- Claimed this without the help of an ally
Recapture his youth:
- Similar to his marriage to Catherine Howard
- War was expensive (£2 million)
- 12 years of National income drained
12
Q
Why did Henry go to war with Scotland? [2]
A
Prestige:
- James V failed to meet Henry in York in 1541, seen as personal insult
- Henry held long term grievances towards Scotland
- James protected rebels who fled north after the Pilgrimage of Grace
Anglo-Imperial Alliance in 1542:
- In responses, Scots had undertaken a series of border raids
- Prompted Henry to send a large army under Duke of Norfolk into Scotland
- Led to Battle of Solway Moss in 1542 England won
13
Q
Pilgrimage of Grace was a threat [6]
A
- Outnumbered King’s forces by 5:1
- 40,000 troops, support from all classes
- Leadership of lawyer Robert Aske
- People were suspicious of Henry’s agreement with the rebels -> Bigod’s forces 1537
- Took control of major city, York
- Controlled Pontefract Castle, gateway to the South
14
Q
Pilgrimage of Grace was not a threat [6]
A
- 178 Rebels were hung including Aske & Darcy
- Henry offered a general pardon and the rebels dispersed
- Once Aske disassembled the rebels he lost his leverage
- Did not travel south or threaten Henry
- Rebellion was stopped from rebuilding in 1537
- Francis Bigod arrested in Cumberland, where another group had started to attack Carlisle
15
Q
Why did Henry break from Rome: Male heir [3]
A
- Leviticus stated that marrying a brother’s wife would leave Henry childless
- Henry made his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy the Duke of Richmond -> considered a possible successor?
- Catherine was over 40, last pregnancy was 1518
