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ALEVEL - Wars of the Roses > Henry VI > Flashcards

Henry VI Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the factors of Henry’s character flaws

A
  • Lack of martial skill
  • Lack of judgement in law and order
  • Lack of judgement in effective distribution of patronage
  • Very easily led
  • Fianncially reckless
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2
Q

Give some examples of Henry’s lack of martial skill

A
  • First English king since 1066 to not lead an army into battle
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3
Q

Give some examples of Henry’s lack of judgement in law and order

A
  • 1438 acquitted criminals who owed crown over 2000 marks for no recorded reason
  • Allowed favourites to abuse power e.g. Suffolk against the Pastons in Norfolk and letting murderer William Tailboys off trial multiple times
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4
Q

Give some examples of Henry’s lack of judgement in effective distribution of patronage

A
  • Gave Beauforts 11 sheriff offices between 1437-41
  • Showered favourites and anyone not in the circle (York)
  • Bonville was the sitting steward of the Duchy of Cornwall and in a quarrel with Devon, and in 1441 Henry gave this to Devon putting Bonville at Devon’s mercy
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5
Q

Give some examples of Henry being easily led

A
  • Exploited by favourites
  • Knight William de la Pole appointed to King’s Steward in 1433, then marquis with estates in 1444, Chamerlain in 1447 and then a duke in 1448
  • Beauforts and Suffolk used their influence to win their supporters offices and lands
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6
Q

Give some examples of Henry’s financial recklessness

A
  • Raised inherited debt of £164,815 in 1422 to £372,000 by 1450
  • Not trusted by Parliament or Italian bankers (gave him £1000 in 1450s)
  • Founded Eton in 1440 and KCC in 1441
  • Granted 186 (2/3) of 1450+51 act of resumption exemptions
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7
Q

When was Henry’s first catatonic insanity, and what could it have been caused by?

A

August 1453 - December 1454, caused by the defeat of Castillon and the death of Shrewsbury losing Gascony

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8
Q

Why was Henry’s insanities a problem compared to not being mad?

A

While not mad, he was ineffective. While mad there was a power vacuum

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9
Q

Who were jostling for power during Henry’s first insanity?

A

York and Margaret in 1453

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10
Q

Why was York brought into government during Henry’s first madness?

A

Henry’s closest blood relative

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11
Q

When was Somerset sent to the tower of London by whom?

A

November 1453 by York dominated Council

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12
Q

Why was Somerset sent to the tower of London?

A

Norfolk accused him of treason

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13
Q

When was York’s first protectorate?

A

27th March 1454 - December 1454 (when Henry recovered)

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14
Q

What did Henry do when he recovered from his first madness in… ?

A
  • York was dismissed from protectorship and Somerset released from the tower
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15
Q

When was Suffolk charged for treason, following what?

A

1449 following his surrender of Rouen

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16
Q

Who did losing France cause a rivalry between?

A

York and Somerset

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17
Q

Why was York so angry at the loss of France?

A

Huge land ownder there - owned Beaumont-le-Roger, Avranches and Exreux

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18
Q

How much money was York owed in the 1440s?

A

£38,666

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19
Q

What example shows York’s desperate financial situation?

A

Before moving to Ireland in 1449, he sold land to cover a cash flow which a magnate of his status should never have to do

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20
Q

When was York appointed to the lieutenancy of Ireland and when did he leave?

A

1447 and left in 1449

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21
Q

What reasons did York return from Ireland in 1450?

A
  • Owed so much money and now lost his estates
  • Somerset replaced him as lieutenant-general in France, then lost it and now in dominant position over king
  • Cade rebels wanted him back
  • If York found guilty of treason, heir would be Somerset
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22
Q

When is York’s insecurities about not being formally the heir to the throne be seen?

A

1451 when Thomas Yongue proposed in Parliament that the King confirms him as heir

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23
Q

When was Dartford?

A

March 1452

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24
Q

What were the events of Dartford?

A

York raised an army and specifically:

  • Demanded that Somerset needed to be removed
  • That Somerset was plotting York’s demise and disinheritence and
  • Declared allegiance to Henry VI
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25
Q

Who supported York’s actions at Dartford?

A

Earl of Devon and Lord Cobham

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26
Q

What can be concluded about the outcome of Dartford?

A

Magnates were not willing to support any rebellion against Henry VI; York was clear he was under threat by Somerset; Henry did not listen to criticisims of his favourites

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27
Q

Why did the Nevilles ally with York?

A
  • Rivals with Percies who were allies with the Queen and King
  • Warwick and Somerset were rivals
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28
Q

When was 1st St Albans?

A

May 1455

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29
Q

Who died at 1st St Albans?

A

Somerset, Earl of Northumberland, Lord Clifford

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30
Q

What were the events of St Albans?

A

Quick skirmish, King captured by Yorkists

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31
Q

What did the Yorkists do following St Albans?

A
  • Returned to London with King and York placed crown on Henry’s head 25th May 1455
  • Parliament pardoned Yorkists and made York Constable
32
Q

When was the Battle of Heworth Moor and what was it over?

A

August 1453 over Wressle (former Percy land) going into hands of Thoman Neville

33
Q

Who does York appoint as Captain of Calais in his second protectorate succeeding whom?

A

Warwick succeeding Somerset

34
Q

Who did York appoint as Chancellor in his first protectorate?

A

Salisbury

35
Q

What does Warwick do to win favour of the Calais Garrison. Why was it so important?

A

Pays all thier debts and their wages

Important because they are a standing army who are battle hardened

36
Q

What happens between 1456-59?

A

Descent into war

37
Q

What actions did the Lancastrians take between 1456-59?

A
  • Margaret withdrew court to Midlands and fortified Kenilworth palace
  • Increased affinity -> appointed Shrewsbury as treasurer, and Devon and the new dukes of Somerset and Northumberland to positions of power in the court
38
Q

What actions did the Yorkists take between 1456-59?

A

Withdraws from court

Trying to increase affinity

39
Q

When was Love Day?

A

25th March 1458

40
Q

What happened at Love day?

A

Public reconciliation at St Paul’s

  • York promised to pay Northumberland and Somerset some money
  • Percies paid a fine
41
Q

Was love day a success? Why?

A

No

- Both sides prepare for fighting afterwards

42
Q

When does Warwick flee to Calais and why?

A

Autumn 1458 when a mob tries to kill him

43
Q

What was called in 1459 by the Queen?

A

Great Council in Coventry, in June 1459

44
Q

Who was excluded from this Great council meeting?

A

York, Salisbury, Warwick, Bouchier

45
Q

When was the Battle of Blore Heath?

A

September 1459

46
Q

What is the outcome of Blore Heath?

A

Audley dies and Salisbury wins

47
Q

Where was the battle following Blore Heath and when?

A

Ludford Bridge October 1459

48
Q

What happens at Ludford Bridge?

A

Lancastrians massively outnumber Yorkists
Warwick brings some of Calais Garrison captained by Trollope
Buckingham issues proclamation saying anyone who changes sides is pardoned and Trollope defects and is now a Lancastrian soldier
Yorkists flee

49
Q

Where do the Yorksits flee following Ludford?

A

Rutland and York flee to Ireland

Warwick, Salisbury and March go to Calais

50
Q

What is called following Ludford?

A

Parliament of Devils in November 1459

51
Q

What are the events of the Parliament of Devils?

A

Yorkists attainted in absence and sentenced to death while in exile. Yorkists disinherited
- Lancastrians sieze Yorkist property and re-distribute it

52
Q

What do the events of the Parliament of Devils force the Yorkists to do?

A

They must come back. Forces a war

53
Q

What is public opinion of the Parliament of Devils?

A

Public feared they could lose property also

  • Swayed opinion against Lancs in areas outside Midlands
  • South sympathises with Yorkists when they return
54
Q

When and where do Warwick, March and Salisbury return to England?

A

June 1460 in Kent

55
Q

What was the response to Warwick, march and Salisbury returning in June 1460?

A

Greeted very well. Not like traitors like the Lancastrians had hoped

56
Q

Where do Warwick, March and Salisbury go after landing in Kent?

A

London

57
Q

When do Warwick, March and Salisbury reach London? What is London’s response?

A

July 1460 and let in

58
Q

Why were Warwick, March and Salisbury let into London?

A
  • Queen withdrew King and court from London to Midlands and Londoners not fond of King due to his absence
  • Warwick was seen to be protecting merchant interests from Calais
  • Henry and favourites blamed for economic problems
59
Q

When was the Battle of Northampton?

A

July 1460

60
Q

What were the events of the Battle of Northampton?

A

Lord Grey of Ruthin defects to Yorkists
Yorkists attack very aggressively
Buckingham killed and Henry VI captured
Margaret and Prince Edward escape to North so not conclusive victory

61
Q

Where was Salisbury, March, Warwick and York at the time of Northampton?

A

Salisbury: London
March and Warwick: at the battle
York: Still in Ireland

62
Q

What happens after Northampton, July 1460?

A

Warwick goes back to London with Henry and calls a Parliament for October to overturn Parliament of Devils and to attaint Lancastrians
- York returns in October

63
Q

What happens when York returns in October, 1460?

A

Claims the throne - adds royal crest to coat of arms

- He marches towards London claiming to be King. Everyone is shocked and do not support him

64
Q

What is passed after York reaches London claiming to be King, and what does it state?

A

Act of Accord, November 1460.

- States Henry remains King but York is his heir and his heirs follow disinheriting Edward of Lancaster

65
Q

What battle follows after the Act of Accord in November 1460?

A

Battle of Wakefield, December 1460

66
Q

What happens at the Battle of Wakefield, December 1460?

A

York, Rutland and Salisbury come out of Sandal castle and are massively outnumbered by Margaret’s army

  • York and Rutland killed on battlefield and Salisbury captured and killed after
  • Decapitate heads and put them on spikes at MIcklegate with paper crowns on
67
Q

When was 2nd St Albans?

A

February 1461

68
Q

What are the events of 2nd St Albans?

A

Warwick marches north with Henry (didn’t think lancs would challenge him if he had Henry)
Warwick loses and Margaret gets Henry and marches to London but not let in
- Don’t like Margaret and scared of northerners

69
Q

When was the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?

A

Feb 1461

70
Q

What were the events of Mortimer’s Cross?

A

Edward intercepting Jasper’s army when they were heading to St Albans to help Margaret
- Edward has conclusive victory and beheads Owen Tudor

71
Q

Which battle came first, Mortimer’s Cross of 2nd St Albans?

A

Mortimer’s Cross

72
Q

What did Edward do following the victory at Mortimer’s Cross, Feb 1461?

A

Goes to London and crowned King on the basis that Henry broke the Act of Accord (but Warwick orchestrated it)

73
Q

When was the Battle of Ferrybridge?

A

March 1461

74
Q

What were the events of Ferrybridge, March 1461?

A

Warwick wins control and Edward gets to cross the river, then Towton happens the following day

75
Q

When was Towton?

A

March 1461

76
Q

What were the events of Towton, March 1461?

A

Yorkists outnumbered but have better troops and leaders

  • Fauconbergs arrows very successful due to wind
  • Edward’s decisive and aggressive leadership caused the army to win
  • Many casualties with a rout following
  • Northumberland and Trollope are killed

ALEVEL - Wars of the Roses (5 decks)

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