Edward IV's first reign Flashcards
When was Edward’s first reign?
March 1461 - Oct 1470
Outline the problems Edward faced when he came to the throne in March 1461
Lack of law and order Surviving Lancastrians and Lancastrian support Economic problems Needs foreign and magante support Needs to learn how to be king
Where was there strong Lancastrian support when Edward came to the throne in March 1461?
North and Wales
Why was the Lancastrian support in the North and Wales particularly a problem?
There were lots of castles and fortified towns
What were the names of the main castles in the north?
Bamburgh, Alnwick and Dunstanburgh
What was the name of the main castle in Wales?
Harlech
Who was tasked with dealing with the castles in the North?
Warwick and John Neville
How did John Neville and Warwick deal with the castles and how long did it typically take?
Starving them into submission. Takes roughly a year
Who lived in Dunstanburgh who Edward offered reconcilliation with?
Sir Ralph Percy
How did Sir Ralph Percy betray Edward?
Allowing Margaret into Dunstanburgh, twice
When is the north stabilised, following which battle?
May 1464, following John Neville’s victories at Hexham (May) and at Hedgeley Moor (April)
What were the events of the Battle of Hedgeley Moor, and when did it take place?
April 1464 - Sir Ralph Percy is killed
What were the events of the Battle of Hexham, and when did it take place?
May 1464 - Somerset is killed
When was Wales finally pacified, after the fall of which castle?
1468 after the fall of Harlech castle, besieged by Herbet
Give examples of some titles Warwick was rewarded with
Captain of Calais, Constable of Dover Castle, Chief Steward of marhc of the Duchy of Lancaster, Admiral of England, Warden of the North and Welsh Marches, Warden of the Cinque ports
What promotion did George Neville recieve?
Archbishop of York and Chancellor
What promotion did John Neville recieve?
Earl of Northumberland after Percies attainted
Describe Warwick’s position from 1461-4
King in every way except by name
How did Warwick try and get Edward foreign recognition?
Organising a marriage with Bona of Savoy or Isabella of Castile
Who did Edward marry and when?
Elizabeth Woodville in May 1464
When does Edward enlighten Warwick about his marriage?
September 1464
How many siblings did Elizabeth Woodville have?
7 sisters and 5 brothers, and 2 sons as well as greedy parents
Who were Elizabeth Woodville’s parents?
Sir Richard Woodville (Earl Rivers) and Jacquetta of Luxembourg
What were Sir Richard Woodville’s promotions in 1466?
Constable and treasurer
When was Sir Richard Woodville appointed Constable and treasurer, and who did this anger?
1466 and angered Warwick and John Neville who fancied this
What were Anthony Woodville’s promotions and when?
Lord Scales and control of the Isle of Wight
Who does Anthony Woodville having control over the Isle of Wight annoy?
Warwick as he was the channel man
Who did Thomas Grey marry, that upset whom?
Anne, heiress to Duke of Exeter that annoyed Warwick as George Neville was betrothed to her in 1466
Who gets married to Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, and who does this annoy?
Katherine Woodville. Henry and Warwick both wanted one of Warwick’s heirs in 1465
Who does John Woodville marry when?
Catherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk in 1465
When were all the Woodvilles married off, and what was the result of this?
1468, and there are no noble bachelors for Warwick’s daughteres
Who are the only options left for Warwick’s daughters to marry?
Clarence, Gloucester or a foreign princess
Where and when does Warwick set off to to find a foreign alliance?
France in 1467
What is Edward doing while Warwick is away negotiating with France in 1467?
Hosting a joust with the Grand Bastard of Burgundy, and organising an alliance secretly
Who is outraged when they see Edward secretly negotiating with the Grand Bastard, and what is the result?
George Neville, Lord Chancellor. Edward sacks George as Chancellor
What happens when the Burgundian party return home?
Warwick arrives with a French Embassy wanting to meet Edward in 1467
What does Edward do when Warwick returns with a French embassy?
Doesn’t meet them which humiliates Warwick
When do England form an alliance with Burgundy?
1468
What policy follows after the England-Burgundy alliance in 1468?
Anti-French. Taxes raised which made Edward less popular
When was Warwick withdraw from court?
1468
Why are people unhappy in 1468?
- Paid for a tax for a war that did not happen
- Poor economic situation and poor trade deal with Burgundy
- Disorder especially in the north - Lancs and Percies still have some popularity
Woodvilles not liked
When do Clarence and Isabel Neville marry, and where?
July 1469 after papal dispensation. Treason as Edward said no
When and what was Robin of Holderness and what was the outcome?
April 1469. Pro-Percy revolt crushed by John Neville
When was Robin of Resedale and what was it?
Big rebellion in June-July 1469, stirred up by Warwick that moves South
When do Warwick and Clarence return, and what battle occurs?
July 1469 between Warwick and Clarence and Edward IV supporters
How involved were Warwick and Clarence in the actual battle of Edgecote, July 1469?
Not involved
What happens in the aftermath of Edgecote, July 1469?
- William Herbet (one of King’s closest friends), Earl Rivers (King’s father in law) and John Woodville (King’s brother in law) are executed at Kenilworth
- Warwick captures King at Olney and attempts to rule in his name until September 1469
When was the Lincolnshire rebellion, and what happened?
March 1470 between Wells and Burgh family
- Edward beheads Lord Wells and Battle of Losecote follows
When was the battle of Losecote?
March 1470
What were the events of Losecote, March 1470?
Edward quickly wins, and rebels “lose their coats” which has the livery of Clarence
- Robert Wells captured and confesses Warwick and Clarence put them up to it with letter proof
What do Warwick and Clarence do after Losecote, March 1470?
Try to flee to Calais but not let in, so flee to France and make alliance with Margaret
What is the Warwick-Margaret alliance called?
Treaty of Angers
When was the treaty of Angers and what were the conditions of it?
July 1470 and Edward of Lancaster is married to Anne Neville
- Warwick must return and conquer England on his own
When and where do Warwick and Clarence land after the treaty if Angers, July 1470?
Devonshire in September 1470 after rebellion stirred up north by Henry Fitzhugh
How successful is Warwick’s and Clarence’s landing in September 1470 following the July 1470 treaty of Angers?
Very successful. Devon sympathetic to Henry and when marching up to Coventry, they gather more support including Lord Stanley
What is Edward’s response to Warwick and Clarence’s landing in September 1470?
Edward is in Yorkshire, and his army are deserting him as they fear he will lose. Edward flees
Where does Edward flee to after Warwick and Clarence’s landing in September 1470, and who with?
Burgundy with Hastings, Gloucester and Anthony Woodville
Why did John Neville switch sides from Edward’s to his brother Warwick’s after his and Clarence’s invasion in September 1470?
Edward had restored Henry Percy to the Earldom of Northumberland instead of Neville.
What was Warwick’s position like after he successful invasion of England in September 1470?
Shaky due to reliance on unstable Lancastrian alliance
- Could not win over nobility as majority were hostile to him and did not have any land to give out
- Margaret and Prince Edward delayed in crossing channel and waited until 1471. Nobility didn’t listen to Warwick and waited for them
When does Warwick and Henry enter London?
October 1470
What is the situation when Edward lands in Burgundy after fleeing in September 1470?
Some Lancastrians in Charles’ court in the hopes they would not ally with France
- Edward showing up is embarrassing and Charles hosts him but refuses to meet him as Lancastrians would back France
Who hosts Edward when Charles does not see him when he lands in Burgundy, September 1470
Louis de Gruuthuse, Lord of Bruges
What critical mistake does Warwick make that swings Charles’ support towards Edward when he is in exile there?
Keeping his promise to Louis XI and ordering the Calais garrison to invade Burgundy in February 1471
What was the response to Warwick ordering the Calais garrison to invade Burgundy in February 1471?
London merchants turned against Warwick and would not lend him money for the war
- Charles gave Edward £20k to build an army `
How many men and ships does Edward gather following the £20k granted by Charles to build an army in February 1471?
1200 men and 36 ships and also allies with the Hansa League (lent him 14/36 ships as they hate Warwick)
Where and when does Edward land in England after he has gathered his army in Burgundy in February 1471?
Ravenspur in Yorkshire in March 1471
What proclamation does Edward issue before landing in Ravenspur, March 1471?
He is only claiming his ducal title, not the throne as they were so hostile to him
Where does Edward march once he has landed in Ravenspur, March 1471, and who and where does he attract support from?
South through Midlands, where Hastings is very popular and gathers men
Where does Edward meet Warwick when marching down to London, and why is there no battle?
Coventry, but Warwick stays in the fortified town because he is waiting for more support, notably from Stanley
What does Archbishop Neville do when he hears Edward is marching down to London, March-April 1471?
Parades Henry out in public
What is the outcome following AB Neville’s parading of Henry in London?
Negative as commented by the Great Chronicle of London - comment on how he is clearly mad and very poorly dressed
What happens when Edward reaches London in April 1471?
He is let in as he is viewed as King material
When was the Battle of Barnet?
April 1471
What are the events of Barnet, April 1471?
Warwick’s army attacks Oxford’s as his livery is similar to Edward’s in the fog. Oxford flees
Who dies at Barnet, April 1471?
Warwick, Montagu and Exeter
What critical moment happened before the battle of Barnet?
Clarence switches sides with a lot of soldiers back to Edward, who forgives his major crimes
When was the battle of Tewkesbury?
May 1471
What were the events of Tewkesbury, May 1471?
Dorset, Prince Edward, Devon, Wenlock and Somerset 2 days later after being dragged out of Tewkesbury Abbey
