Edward IV's second reign

Question 1

What is Edward’s situation like following Tewkesbury?

Answer 1

Very strong: Nevilles wiped out, Henry and prince Edward killed. Only claimant left is Henry Tudor

Question 2

Who holds the Lancastrian claim when Edward becomes King?

Answer 2

Henry Tudor

Question 3

Where does Henry Tudor’s claim derive from?

Answer 3

His father is the uterine brother of Henry VI

- Margaret Beaufort is a descendant from John of Gaunt, son of Edward III

Question 4

Where is Henry Tudor for the duration of Edward’s reign?

Answer 4

In exile in the Duke of Francois’ court (Brittany)

Question 5

Who is the only Lancastrian left in England for Edward’s reign?

Answer 5

John de Vere, Earl of Oxford

Question 6

Outline briefly how Edward ruled England in his second reign

Answer 6

Divides England into South East, South West, Midlands, North East, North West, Wales

Question 7

Who rules the South East? Also describe how successful they are

Answer 7

Edward - very successful and peripatetic. Builds up lots of connections by good lordship

Question 8

Who rules the South West? Also describe how successful they are

Answer 8

Thomas Grey (Dorset) - Marrys into local families (Cecily Bonville, heriess of William Lord Bonville) Rules it very well

Question 9

Who rules the North East? Also describe how successful they are

Answer 9

Gloucester - Rules hardest place of England extremely well, especially due to history of invasions and rebellions (Holderness and Resedale). Granted a palatine and rules exceptionally

Question 10

What is a palatine?

Answer 10

Essentially ruling like a king in the area - can raise tax, army, administer justice etc.

Question 11

Who rules the North West? Also describe how successful they are

Answer 11

Stanleys - successfuly gather affinity and have a powerbase

Question 12

Who rules the Wales? Also describe how successful they are

Answer 12

Anthony Woodville (Rivers) - Prince Edward is in Ludlow and leader of Council of Wales. Rules very well in the name of Prince Edward

Question 13

Who rules the Midlands? Also describe how successful they are

Answer 13

Hastings - from Midlands and very popular as good lord. Rules East Anglia as well

Question 14

When was Prince Edward born?

Answer 14

1471

Question 15

When was Prince Richard born?

Answer 15

1473

Question 16

Why does Hastings rule East Anglia?

Answer 16

Granted to Prince Richard but he is a minor

Question 17

What is important about how all 5 people rule (excluding Edward)

Answer 17

They successfuly gather an affinity and owe their position to Edward so he could guarantee loyalty

Question 18

What is the situation with Clarence? Why doesn’t he rule an area of England?

Answer 18

Not trusted by Edward as he betrayed him when he married Isabel Neville in July 1469. Unstable political figure which grew

Question 19

Where does Clarence hold lands?

Answer 19

Welsh march where he is a prominent magnate but not a marcher lord

Question 20

What 2 things does Clarence do in 1477 that pushes Edward to accuse him of treason?

Answer 20

Judicially murders Anchorette Twynyhoe

Publicly defends Dr John Stacy and Thomas Burdet after they had been sentenced to death

Question 21

When was Clarence executed?

Answer 21

February 1478 in private

Question 22

What are the areas of finance that Edward does very successfully in?

Answer 22

Crown lands, customs dues , tax, trade, benevolences, foreign treaties

Question 23

How does Edward manage Crown lands?

Answer 23

Appoints commissioners to investigate revenues. Also held vast swathes of land from the Duchy of York and Lancaster and granted even more from acts of attainder on rebels between 1461-71 (and Clarence!)

Question 24

Give an example of Edward’s successful management of Crown lands

Answer 24

Portion of the Duchy of Lancaster yielded £347/year in 1476 rose to £885 by 1483

Question 25

How much money was Edward making from his Crown lands a year?

Answer 25

£30,000

Question 26

What are customs dues?

Answer 26

Taxes on import and export of goods

Question 27

How does Edward increase the revenue from customs dues?

Answer 27

Personal trader of cloth, wool and tin and rented ships | - Made alliances with Hansa League (1473-4), France (1475) and Burgundy (1478)

Question 28

Give an example to show how successful Edward was with customs dues

Answer 28

£25k/year in 1461 rose to £35k in his second reign

Question 29

What were fuedal dues?

Answer 29

Prerogative rights - wardship, vacant bishoprics, fines, marriages

Question 30

What were wardships?

Answer 30

When the king became the guardian of a young rich noble without any parents

Question 31

Why were wardships valuable for Edward?

Answer 31

Some are very lucrative, and a friendship is often developed | - The king can sell them to nobles looking for a marriage or can decide who they marry

Question 32

Give examples of Edward using his wardship

Answer 32

- Marrying Buckingham to Catherine Woodville in February 1466 - Selling the wardship of the Earl of Shrewsbury to Hastings for £300/year when they were worth £1000/year

Question 33

Why were vacant bishoprics important for Edward to exploit?

Answer 33

The Church owned 1/3 of the land in England, making Bishops major landowners - Edward delayed appointments of bishops by months or even years and when one was appointed, he charged them a tax

Question 34

Why was it important that Edward collected fines?

Answer 34

More fines collected shows more interest in law and order. Gives incentive to King to be interested as fines go to the crown

Question 35

What extraordinary streams of income did Edward sucessfully exploit?

Answer 35

Parliamentary taxation, belevolences, French pension, bank loans

Question 36

Give examples of Edward successfully exploiting parliamentary taxation

Answer 36

1472-75 He was granted more money than Henry V (£100k). He kept all this as well essentially defrauding the tax payers

Question 37

Give examples of Edward successfully exploiting benevolences

Answer 37

He collected £20k+ from benevolences. Although resented, no magnate refused this and it did not cause rebellions showing Edward's security

Question 38

Give examples of Edward successfully exploiting the French pension

Answer 38

Got paid £15k upfront and £10k/year afterwards. Gave Edward £85k total

Question 39

Give the dates of the French pension

Answer 39

July 1475 until August 1480-Summer 1481, the until December 1482 due to the treaty of Arras

Question 40

Why was Louis willing to pay so much money to Edward?

Answer 40

Was looking to expand into Europe, not fight the English - Reminiscencesn of Agincourt 1415, when they were outnumbered 5:1 but still lost - Edward was an extremely capable general with an enthusiastic and expereinced nobility behind him

Question 41

What was the treaty of Picquigny?

Answer 41

7 year truce with France - Marriage between the Dauphin and Elizabeth of York - 15k upfront and 10k/year afterwards

Question 42

Give examples of Edward successfully exploiting bank loans

Answer 42

Borrowed so much money that the Medici bank closed down in London in 1478 with total losses of 51,533 florins - Bankers more willing to loan him money

Question 43

Why was Edward able to demand so much money from the Medici bank?

Answer 43

He threatened to not continue the export of English wool to Florence, which they needed to balance the books

Question 44

How did Edward innovate in terms of collecting and administrating the money?

Answer 44

Put money through the King's Chamber

Question 45

Why was putting money through the King's chamber a success?

Answer 45

People were fearful of the King, and therefore less likely to swindle the King. - Bypassed the corrupt and inefficient Exchequer

Question 46

Which sources comment on how much money Edward had?

Answer 46

Crowland Chronicle and Philippe de Commynes

Question 47

What explicit example shows the extent of Edward's money towards the end of his reign?

Answer 47

Invading Scotland in 1481 and waged war for 2 years without waging a tax

Question 48

What were Edward's motivations for invading France when he decided in 1472?

Answer 48

- Agreed with the Duke of Burgundy - Edward has a claim to the French Crown as King of England - French gave assistance to Henry and Margaret - Only 22 years ago England held 1/3 of France - Brittany open to alliance

Question 49

How much money did Parliament promise Edward?

Answer 49

100k over 3 years

Question 50

When did England come to a truce with Scotland?

Answer 50

1472

Question 51

When did Brittany and Burgundy join alliance with England against France?

Answer 51

1474

Question 52

How many men did Edward lead across the channel?

Answer 52

12k

Question 53

When did Gloucester marry Anne Neville?

Answer 53

July 1472

Question 54

Give an example in the north and midlands of noble families fueding which Edward ended

Answer 54

Stanleys and Harringtons in the north (ended 1475) - Vernon and Grey in Derbyshire (Gloucester and Clarence over Warwick's inheritance)

Question 55

When was the treaty of London?

Answer 55

July 1474

Question 56

What were the conditions of the treaty of London?

Answer 56

Burgundy would support England's invasion of France and recognise Edward as King of France and Burgundy could reclaim sovreign territories

Question 57

Describe the plan for the invasion of Scotland

Answer 57

Initially Edward would lead but this was replaced by Gloucester - Put Albany on the throne in return of Berwick - Captured James III and Edinburgh but then the brothers made peace - Richard took Berwick after withdrawing then disbandoned his army