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ALEVEL - Wars of the Roses > Edward IV's second reign > Flashcards

Edward IV's second reign Flashcards

1
Q

What is Edward’s situation like following Tewkesbury?

A

Very strong: Nevilles wiped out, Henry and prince Edward killed. Only claimant left is Henry Tudor

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2
Q

Who holds the Lancastrian claim when Edward becomes King?

A

Henry Tudor

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3
Q

Where does Henry Tudor’s claim derive from?

A

His father is the uterine brother of Henry VI

- Margaret Beaufort is a descendant from John of Gaunt, son of Edward III

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4
Q

Where is Henry Tudor for the duration of Edward’s reign?

A

In exile in the Duke of Francois’ court (Brittany)

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5
Q

Who is the only Lancastrian left in England for Edward’s reign?

A

John de Vere, Earl of Oxford

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6
Q

Outline briefly how Edward ruled England in his second reign

A

Divides England into South East, South West, Midlands, North East, North West, Wales

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7
Q

Who rules the South East? Also describe how successful they are

A

Edward - very successful and peripatetic. Builds up lots of connections by good lordship

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8
Q

Who rules the South West? Also describe how successful they are

A

Thomas Grey (Dorset) - Marrys into local families (Cecily Bonville, heriess of William Lord Bonville) Rules it very well

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9
Q

Who rules the North East? Also describe how successful they are

A

Gloucester - Rules hardest place of England extremely well, especially due to history of invasions and rebellions (Holderness and Resedale). Granted a palatine and rules exceptionally

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10
Q

What is a palatine?

A

Essentially ruling like a king in the area - can raise tax, army, administer justice etc.

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11
Q

Who rules the North West? Also describe how successful they are

A

Stanleys - successfuly gather affinity and have a powerbase

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12
Q

Who rules the Wales? Also describe how successful they are

A

Anthony Woodville (Rivers) - Prince Edward is in Ludlow and leader of Council of Wales. Rules very well in the name of Prince Edward

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13
Q

Who rules the Midlands? Also describe how successful they are

A

Hastings - from Midlands and very popular as good lord. Rules East Anglia as well

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14
Q

When was Prince Edward born?

A

1471

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15
Q

When was Prince Richard born?

A

1473

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16
Q

Why does Hastings rule East Anglia?

A

Granted to Prince Richard but he is a minor

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17
Q

What is important about how all 5 people rule (excluding Edward)

A

They successfuly gather an affinity and owe their position to Edward so he could guarantee loyalty

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18
Q

What is the situation with Clarence? Why doesn’t he rule an area of England?

A

Not trusted by Edward as he betrayed him when he married Isabel Neville in July 1469. Unstable political figure which grew

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19
Q

Where does Clarence hold lands?

A

Welsh march where he is a prominent magnate but not a marcher lord

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20
Q

What 2 things does Clarence do in 1477 that pushes Edward to accuse him of treason?

A

Judicially murders Anchorette Twynyhoe

Publicly defends Dr John Stacy and Thomas Burdet after they had been sentenced to death

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21
Q

When was Clarence executed?

A

February 1478 in private

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22
Q

What are the areas of finance that Edward does very successfully in?

A

Crown lands, customs dues , tax, trade, benevolences, foreign treaties

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23
Q

How does Edward manage Crown lands?

A

Appoints commissioners to investigate revenues. Also held vast swathes of land from the Duchy of York and Lancaster and granted even more from acts of attainder on rebels between 1461-71 (and Clarence!)

24
Q

Give an example of Edward’s successful management of Crown lands

A

Portion of the Duchy of Lancaster yielded £347/year in 1476 rose to £885 by 1483

25
Q

How much money was Edward making from his Crown lands a year?

A

£30,000

26
Q

What are customs dues?

A

Taxes on import and export of goods

27
Q

How does Edward increase the revenue from customs dues?

A

Personal trader of cloth, wool and tin and rented ships

- Made alliances with Hansa League (1473-4), France (1475) and Burgundy (1478)

28
Q

Give an example to show how successful Edward was with customs dues

A

£25k/year in 1461 rose to £35k in his second reign

29
Q

What were fuedal dues?

A

Prerogative rights - wardship, vacant bishoprics, fines, marriages

30
Q

What were wardships?

A

When the king became the guardian of a young rich noble without any parents

31
Q

Why were wardships valuable for Edward?

A

Some are very lucrative, and a friendship is often developed

- The king can sell them to nobles looking for a marriage or can decide who they marry

32
Q

Give examples of Edward using his wardship

A
  • Marrying Buckingham to Catherine Woodville in February 1466
  • Selling the wardship of the Earl of Shrewsbury to Hastings for £300/year when they were worth £1000/year
33
Q

Why were vacant bishoprics important for Edward to exploit?

A

The Church owned 1/3 of the land in England, making Bishops major landowners
- Edward delayed appointments of bishops by months or even years and when one was appointed, he charged them a tax

34
Q

Why was it important that Edward collected fines?

A

More fines collected shows more interest in law and order. Gives incentive to King to be interested as fines go to the crown

35
Q

What extraordinary streams of income did Edward sucessfully exploit?

A

Parliamentary taxation, belevolences, French pension, bank loans

36
Q

Give examples of Edward successfully exploiting parliamentary taxation

A

1472-75 He was granted more money than Henry V (£100k). He kept all this as well essentially defrauding the tax payers

37
Q

Give examples of Edward successfully exploiting benevolences

A

He collected £20k+ from benevolences. Although resented, no magnate refused this and it did not cause rebellions showing Edward’s security

38
Q

Give examples of Edward successfully exploiting the French pension

A

Got paid £15k upfront and £10k/year afterwards. Gave Edward £85k total

39
Q

Give the dates of the French pension

A

July 1475 until August 1480-Summer 1481, the until December 1482 due to the treaty of Arras

40
Q

Why was Louis willing to pay so much money to Edward?

A

Was looking to expand into Europe, not fight the English

  • Reminiscencesn of Agincourt 1415, when they were outnumbered 5:1 but still lost
  • Edward was an extremely capable general with an enthusiastic and expereinced nobility behind him
41
Q

What was the treaty of Picquigny?

A

7 year truce with France

  • Marriage between the Dauphin and Elizabeth of York
  • 15k upfront and 10k/year afterwards
42
Q

Give examples of Edward successfully exploiting bank loans

A

Borrowed so much money that the Medici bank closed down in London in 1478 with total losses of 51,533 florins
- Bankers more willing to loan him money

43
Q

Why was Edward able to demand so much money from the Medici bank?

A

He threatened to not continue the export of English wool to Florence, which they needed to balance the books

44
Q

How did Edward innovate in terms of collecting and administrating the money?

A

Put money through the King’s Chamber

45
Q

Why was putting money through the King’s chamber a success?

A

People were fearful of the King, and therefore less likely to swindle the King.
- Bypassed the corrupt and inefficient Exchequer

46
Q

Which sources comment on how much money Edward had?

A

Crowland Chronicle and Philippe de Commynes

47
Q

What explicit example shows the extent of Edward’s money towards the end of his reign?

A

Invading Scotland in 1481 and waged war for 2 years without waging a tax

48
Q

What were Edward’s motivations for invading France when he decided in 1472?

A
  • Agreed with the Duke of Burgundy
  • Edward has a claim to the French Crown as King of England
  • French gave assistance to Henry and Margaret
  • Only 22 years ago England held 1/3 of France
  • Brittany open to alliance
49
Q

How much money did Parliament promise Edward?

A

100k over 3 years

50
Q

When did England come to a truce with Scotland?

A

1472

51
Q

When did Brittany and Burgundy join alliance with England against France?

A

1474

52
Q

How many men did Edward lead across the channel?

A

12k

53
Q

When did Gloucester marry Anne Neville?

A

July 1472

54
Q

Give an example in the north and midlands of noble families fueding which Edward ended

A

Stanleys and Harringtons in the north (ended 1475)
- Vernon and Grey in Derbyshire
(Gloucester and Clarence over Warwick’s inheritance)

55
Q

When was the treaty of London?

A

July 1474

56
Q

What were the conditions of the treaty of London?

A

Burgundy would support England’s invasion of France and recognise Edward as King of France and Burgundy could reclaim sovreign territories

57
Q

Describe the plan for the invasion of Scotland

A

Initially Edward would lead but this was replaced by Gloucester

  • Put Albany on the throne in return of Berwick
  • Captured James III and Edinburgh but then the brothers made peace
  • Richard took Berwick after withdrawing then disbandoned his army

ALEVEL - Wars of the Roses (5 decks)

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