Henry's Quest for International Influence Flashcards
When did England join an alliance with Spain?
1512 - join an alliance against France
What battles happen in 1513?
Battle of Spurs (Maximillian, Ferdinand, Henry and Papacy against France) and they capture Therouanne
September - Earl of Surrey leads a victory against the Scots at Flodden
September - Tournai captures
When does Henry make peace with France?
1514
When does Francis I become king of France?
1515
When was Princess Mary born?
1516
When was the London Treaty?
1518
What happened in 1520?
Henry meets Charles V in England
Francis and Henry meet in France at the Field of Cloth of Gold
Henry meets Charles at Calais
When do Charles and Henry discuss a joint invasion of France?
1521
What happens in 1523?
The English try to invade Calais, but the siege of Boulogne is abandoned to make an attack on Paris, this all fails as winter sets in
When is the Battle of Pavia?
February 1525, imperial forces defeat the French
What happens is 1528-1529?
April 1528 - offensive alliance against Charles signed by France
1528 - England and France declare war on Charles V
When was Wolsey dismissed?
1529
What happens in 1536?
January - Catherine dies
May - Anne Boleyn is executed
What happens in 1538?
Peace of Nice secures a 10 year truce between Charles V and Francis I
Purge of White Rose Party carried out
What happened in 1540?
Jan - Henry marries Anne of Cleves (unconsummated)
July - Cromwell executed and Henry marries Catherine Howard
What happens in 1542/3?
Henry declares war on Scotland and defeat the Scots at Solway Moss
December James V (Scotland) dies leaving Mary as heir
July 1543 - Treaty of Greenwich signed with Scotland
and Henry marries Catherine Parr
Henry declares war on France
What happens in 1544-1545?
England invade southern Scotland in 1544
September 1544 - Boulogne taken by England
1545 - French army attempt to invade England but fail
When is the peace agreement signed between England and France at Ardres?
1546
When does Henry VIII die?
1547
What was the Field of Cloth of Gold like?
Very grand both Kings tried to out do each other in Jousting & wrestling competitions and with their banquets and guests
Who were the key players in 16th century Europe?
France, Spain, Holy Roman Empire, The Papacy
Explain the war against France between 1512-1513?
In 1508 - France, Spain, Empire and Papacy brought together in the Holy league to attack Venice, England were not on board because of Henry’s diplomacy
Then after this failed the pope changed direction and focussed in getting France out of Venice
April 1512 - Henry send 12,000 troops under the command of the Marquis of Dorset - gain control of Aquitaine
However the Spanish used England as a decoy and it was a failure
Explain The Battle of the Spurs?
1513
Learnt he had to act independently
He led an army of 30,000 men to Calais in June 1513
Capturing towns such as Therouanne and Tournai
Explain the Battle of Flodden?
1513
England led by Earl of Surrey fought off James IV trying to invade England due to Henry’s absence
England were outnumbered and had a weaker position, however victory came
Killing James VI, his son James V who was the son of Henry’s sister Mary
What was the Anglo-French Treaty of 1514?
By 1514 Henry had to make peace with France as both Ferdinand (Spain) and Maximillian had given up on invading France
Gave them the possession of Tournai
When did Louis XII die?
January 1515 and Francis I took over
What is a regency government?
A government that is ruled on behalf of someone else, for example Henry’s sister Margaret ran Scotland on behalf of her son James V after her husband James IV died
What did Francis do in Scotland?
He sent over the Duke of Albany to overthrow the regency government
When did Ferdinand die?
1516 and he was succeeded by his grandson
What did Ferdinand’s grandson - Charles do to isolate England?
He didn’t want to fight France so instead he made peace at Noyon in 1516
What was the Treaty of London?
1518 -
Leo X had been calling for a crusade against the Turks
Joined together the Papacy, France, Spain and the Empire - having collective security and no aggression between powers
After this he received the Legate a Latere
What was the Field of Cloth of Gold?
June 1520 -
3000 Nobles from Spain and England - Spain wanted England to side with them as the Habsburg-Valois tension was mounting
Then by July of 1521 an agreement was made that England would invade France if they would not make peace
Explain what happened in the war with France between 1520-1525?
The Earl of Surrey led an army into Normandy and Picardy in 1522 - little support from Charles?
Then in August of 1523 Duke of Bourbon wanted to rebel against the French king
Wages an open rebellion - English troops sent in costing £400,000 but came to nothing due to the lack of supplies
How was diplomacy changing by 1525?
Charles had one massively at Pavia
French army annihilated
Francis I was prisoner
What happened in 1527?
England and France took an alliance at the Treaty of Westminster
What did Charles do in 1527?
He took Pope Clement VII prisoner and as Charles was Catherine’s nephew the Great matter had little chance of being resolved
What were the successes of foreign policy?
Capture of Therouanne and Tournai
Peace of London in 1518 - pact with European countries for peace
Field of Cloth of Gold enhanced English prestige
Conducted a flexible foreign policy even with the low income of England
What were the failures of foreign policy?
Henry’s ambition was unrealistic - his resources were minimal compared to the rest of Europe
He yielded few gains at a great expense £1.4 million spent on wars between 1511-1525
Argued that Wolsey used Henry to gain papal promotion
Didn’t help them with the Great Matter
French alliance was very unpopular
What were the foreign affairs between 1530-1540?
Anglo-French alliance starting to deteriorate
France were eager to remain allies with Spain
Charles was appalled by the treatment of his aunt
What happened in 1536?
Both Catherine and Anne died
