Break with Rome - Part 2 Flashcards
What happened in 1532?
March - Supplication against the Ordinaries
May - Submission of the Clergy - Resignation of Thomas More
May - Act of the Conditional Restraint of the Annates
What happened in 1533?
January - Henry and Anne secretly marry
March - Thomas Cranmer appointed Archbishop of Canterbury & Act in Restrain of Appeals
May - Cranmer annuls marriage
July - Henry is excommunicated
September - Anne gives birth to Elizabeth
November - Holy Maid of Kent executed
What happened in 1534?
January to March - Acts of the Submission of the Clergy and Succession Act
November - Act of Supremacy and Treasons Act
What happened in 1535?
May - Leading Carthusians executed
June - Fisher executed
July - More executed
Who was the main destructor of the English church?
Thomas Cromwell
What was the Royal Supremacy?
1531 = the church had a relatively meaningless title and pay a heavy fine
Henry was now the head of the church and state “as far as the law of Christ allows”
However there was a sense of ambiguity surrounding his position
What was the Supplication against the Ordinaries?
1532 - Cromwell’s document that asked the King on behalf of the Commons to curb legislative power of the church - Power of the church and their courts were questioned
This attacked the power of the Convocation
He wouldn’t allow the Convocation to pass laws without his approval and any changes to current law would also need his approval
What happened in 1532 with the Clergy?
They capitulated to prevent further attack on their laws - Known as the SUBMISSION OF THE CLERGY
What was the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates?
1532 -
Payments made to Rome when Bishop starts first post (1/3 of Pope’s income) - Result = Pope state that English Bishops couldn’t be consecrated by the Pope - therefore handing them over to English Crown
Who was the new Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532?
Warham died meaning that Stephen Gardiner took his place
He was Wolsey’s secretary & keen supporter of royal supremacy - but he opposed radical change
Henry needed someone that would help him get the annulment
Bishop of Winchester was in line for role but he opposed the Submission of the Clergy
January 1533 was a big month, why?
Anne became obviously pregnant and later that month she and Henry married in Secret
What was the Act in the Restrain of the Appeals?
1533 -
This ended the Appeals to Rome
Any appeals to Rome would go straight to the Convocation where they would be heard by the Arch Canter
Clearly prevented Catherine from appealing to Rome
Allowed Cranmer to open up court in Dunstable and illegitimate Henry’s first marriage
What were the Convocation?
An assembly of the clergy in the Provinces of Canterbury and York to regulate the church affairs
When was Henry and Catherine’s marriage made void?
23rd May 1533
Grounds of Papal Dispensation was void
Anne was pronounced Queen and the following September gave birth to a girl - Elizabeth
What else did the Act of Appeals do?
Clarified Royal Supremacy
Pope did not see that Anne was Queen so excommunicated Henry until the September of 1533?
What were some further acts in 1532?
Submission of the Clergy put into statutory form
Appeals to Rome were forbidden in any form
Act of Conditional Restraint of Annates was made permanent
English Bishops were now appointed by the Crown not the Pope
What was the Act of Dispensations?
1534 -
Stopped all payments to Rome including Peter’s Pence
All future payments went through Arch of Canter not Rome
Failure to abide by these rules would result in being charged of Praemunire
What was the Act of Succession?
1534 -
Registered the invalidity of Catherine and Henry’s marriage
Heirs to the 2nd marriage were legitimised and Mary bastardised
Criminal offence to speak badly of his new marriage or the children
23rd March the Pope validated Catherine’s marriage and therefore Henry took the Pope’s name out of every prayer book
What was the Act of Supremacy?
1534 -
Had to complete the administrative and legislative control of the church
What were the economic impacts of the Act of Supremacy?
Payments to church outlawed so First Fruits and Tenths introduced - Bishops paid one years salary to the Crown and an annual levy of 1/10 of the value of that benefice after
Cromwell - carried out the Valor Ecclesiasticus (ecclesiastical wealth) - detailing clerical incomes, how much property and areas of wealth the church had
1536 - The act was finalised when the Authority of Rome meaning that papal rights to teach and preach in England were stopped
How serious was the opposition to the Break with Rome?
No coherent party opposed it however there were some high profile opposers
Why was it scarce?
Fear of what would happen to the opponents
Loyalty to Tudor dynasty rather than to Rome
How did the Crown ensure people would back them?
All adult males had to swear an oath to the terms of the Act of Succession
All clergy men had to make a declaration that the pope had no great God given authority in England than any other foreign bishop
Sermons were preached in support of the new marriage and the Supremacy
Who was Hugh Latimer?
1485-155
Bishop of Worchester
Denounced Rome and enthusiastic supporter of Supremacy
What was the Treason Act?
1534 -
Added to the fear factor
Strengthened in 1535 and acted as a silence to potential opponents
Made it a treasonable offence to speak maliciously against Henry or the new Queen as well as threatening words and deeds
Who were high profile opposition to the Supremacy?
Elizabeth Barton - Holy Maid of Kent
Visions of the Virgin Mary - Arch Bishop Warham considered her a messenger from God - became very popular, Fisher approved of her - opposers tired to use her to oppose Henry’s marriage
November 1533 Barton was sent to the Tower of London to be executed along with 4 helpers the following April
She was executed the same day that Londoners signed the Oath of Succession
Why did religious orders oppose the Supremacy?
Such as the Carthusians and Observant Friars
The observant’s were dangerous as they were alongside Greenwich Palace - all 7 houses were closed down and many imprisoned
Charterhouse and leading Carthusians were also executed or starved to death - May and June of 1535 was a period of terror as more high profile people were mounting the scaffold
Who was John Fisher?
Only bishop to oppose the Supremacy
Warham and Bishop Tunstall also verbally opposed however realised that they could not beat Henry
However Fisher was a supporter of Catherine - writing and preaching in her defence - supported the Holy Maid of Kent but Henry only fined him £300 as it would be seen as wrong to execute a Bishop
What did John Fisher do?
Refused to swear the Oath of Succession in April 1534 so he was imprisoned in the Tower of London where he was meant to be in contact with Eustace Chapuys (Charles V ambassador)
Chapuys appealed many times and Pope Paul III announced him as a Cardinal
Before the Cardinal hat got to Fisher he was found guilty of high treason and set to be executed in June 1535
What was the aftermath of Fishers death?
Caused outrage in Europe as it convinced many of Henry’s tyrannical ways
Shown that no one was beyond the law of the land
Execution of the first high profile martyr of the English reformation and a well respected man did nothing for Henry’s reputation
Who was Thomas More?
2 weeks later he followed Fisher to the scaffold - his case was less clear cut - he was less willing to accept the change
Explain was More did?
Respected humanist that was legally trained
He helped Henry to write a tract against the emerging Lutheran threat = showed he was a merciless persecutor of heretics
He was an open opposer of the Great matter but became LC
He resigned in 1532 after the Submission of the Clergy was passed
Why was More put on trial and what happened?
He wouldn’t take the Oath of Succession in 1534 or when Henry insisted in April
He did not speak of his views and defended himself excellently in Court
However due to Richard Rich’s fake testimony and a rigged Jury he was convicted
What was the aftermath of More’s trial like?
It was considered an embarrassment for the Crown
Belittled Henry’s reputation abroad even more
Arguments that More was a Saint?
Courageous refusal to swear the oath of succession - die for his beliefs
Arguments that More was a Sinner?
Films such as A Man For All Seasons portray him as a saint and are historically untrue in some places as it relies heavily Roper and Harpsfield
They portray his life very sympathetically to elevate him in Catholic martyr levels and sainthood
Why was their so little opposition to Royal Supremacy and the Break with Rome?
No real change - everyday worship was not really changed as people saw the pope as a distant figure anyway
Local affairs - everyday life and the spiritual and material world was not changed for the common people - they identified more readily with the king then they did with the pope
Loyalty to the King - loyalty and support for the king was high, he preserved national peace and protected them from invasion - execution of high profile people sunk them into silence due to fear
Oaths to loyalty - everyone was required to take oaths to the supremacy and succession - shows the insecurities of the govt. Henry needed the support of his high profile people and his population and that’s what he got
Why was Cromwell such as key figure?
He controlled the Pulpits and the printing presses in London
Royal letters were sent out to bishops and nobles instructing them to imprison any clergy that showed sign of dissent against royal policies
Cromwell’s Injunctions attempted to place a bible in English in every parish - propaganda to highlight the national identity of the church
Few instances of opposition in the South were kept under control
Why was there no mercy in England at this time?
Any opposition tended to come from the North
1536 - Pilgrimage of Grace, only 197 cases 0f treason were reported in the North between 1532-40 and there was 224 cases in South (more density with population)
Opposition reached its peak in 1537 - perceived radicalisation
People realised quickly that opposition was dangerous
Henry showed no mercy to opposition and made an example to others who were contemplating it
Wake of Pilgrimage of Grace Henry ordered the duke of Norfolk “to cause dreadful execution upon a good number of the inhabitants, hanging them on trees, quartering them, and setting their heads and quarters in every town”
No compromise on the opposition
