Hemoglobinz Flashcards
A protein in RBC that carry oxygen to body organs and tranpsort Co2 from organs to lungs
Hemoglobin
Each HB molecules contains 2 ______ and 2 ______ of polypeptides (globin)
Alpha and beta chains
Each Hb chain contains _____ a nonprotein pigment complex
Heme
Sythesis of Hb begins in _____ anf continue to reticuloctyes stage
Proethryoblast
_____ and _____ can also bind to hemoglobin
CO2, CO
Hb saturated with oxygen
Oxyhemoglobin
Hb + combination of CO2
Carbaminohemoglobin
Competitive exclusion of oxygen makes _______ a dangerous gas as it binds to Hb at same site of O2 200 times more tightly
Carbon monoxide
People with SCD hsve abnormal Hb called ______ or sickle hemoglobin where amino acid ______ is substituted by ________
Hb S; valine, glutamic acid
total _____ averages 4-5 grams and is 65-70% in form of Hb
Iron
The 15-30% iron is stored in reticuloendothelial system and liver parenchymal cells in form of
Ferritin
Body saturated with Iron, rate of iron absoprtion from insteinsl tract is ______. Iron stored is depleted, rate of absorption _______
Decreased; accelerate
2 major forms of dietary iron
- ______ and is absorbed more efficiently, derived from myoglobin and hemoglobin (meat)
- _______ may be either ferric/ferrous and from plant foods
Heme iron, nonheme
Tends to form salt complex and not soluble to ph values higher than 3. Most iron in diet is in this form
Ferric iron
Does not complex easily and soluble to pH value as high as 8
Ferrous iron
________ forms soluble complex and reduce iron from ferric to ferrous enhancing iron absorption
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
Found in tea, lower absorption of iron
Tannins
Iron absorbed from all parts of smsll intestine mostly in ____
Duodenum
Absorption ____ restricted to duodenum
Nonheme iron
Transports of Fe2+ into enterocytes occurs via
Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)
Ferric reductase ______ reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ before uptake through DMT1
Dctyb
Some iron in enterocytes can fombine with _____ (secreted by liver) to form _______ and stored in intestinal epithelium
Apoferritin, ferritin
Remaining Fe2+ binds to _____ that ferries Fe2+ to basoletaral membrane then transported out by basolateral receptor called _____
Mobilferrin; ferroportin 1
Fe2+ is oxidized by ______ to Fe3+ and bind to iron tranport protein apotransferrin as ______
Transferrin
Heme iron enter cell either by binding to a ______ protein or through _____ mechanism
Brush border; endocytotic
_______ enzymatically splits heme iron, releasing free Fe3+, CO, biliverdin. Cell reduce biliverdin to ________ which liver eventually excretes as ______
Heme oxygenase; bilirubin; bile
A iron regulating peptide hormone made by the liver’s _______ and is sometimes called master iron regulator, as tcontrols delivery of iron to blood plasma and such
Hepcidin; Kupffer’s cells
Down regulate duodenal iron absorption by regulating _____ activity as well as binding and inactivating the cellular iron exporter _______
DMT1; Ferroportin
Obtain iron from Hb synthesis from plasma ______ coming from intestine
Eryhtroid progenitors; transferrin
Capacity of storage of ferritin exceeds, iron with phosphate and hydroxide is form called _______ and if iron excess beyond normal levels, this will be deposited to skin, heart and liver
Hemosiderin
Hemoglobin = ______ + ______
Heme = _____ + _______
Heme, globin;
Fe2+, porphyrin;
Porphyrin change into ring structure to straight chain structure called _______ or green of bile, which in turn is reduced to straight chain _______ or red of the bile
Biliverdin; bilirubin
Bilirubin carried from liver in the bile may be excreted in feces as _______ or urine as _____
Stercobilin, urobilin
Yellowing of skin due to accumulation of bilirubin in blood
Jaundice
Deficiency of Hb or low hematocrit in blood
Anemia
percentage of total blood volume composed of erythrocytes which ranges 40-54% men and 38-47% in women
Hematocrit
Condition that results in an increased level of circulating red blood cells in bloodstream, increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC above normal limits
Polycythemia
Documentation of increased red cell mass
Erythrocytosis
