Antibodies

Question 1

are also gamma globulins called _________ (Ig) that constitutes 20% of plasma proteins, and composed od light and heavy polypeptide chains and each of the end have _______ portions whrere specific/particular type of antigen attaches

Answer 1

Antibodies; immunoglobulins; variable portions

Question 2

The remainder portion of each chain that determines other properties of the antibody

Answer 2

Constant

Question 3

5 classes of antibodies

1. ______ bivalent antibody snd constitutes about 75% of antibodies
2. _______ small % of antibodies and involved in allergy
3. _______ formed during primary response
4. _______ principal antibody in the secretions

Answer 3

IgG;
IgE;
IgM;
IgA

Question 4

Mechanisms of action of antibodies

1. _____ on invader
2. Activation of ______

Answer 4

Direct attack; complement systems

Question 5

Complement systems consists of series of proteins interacting with another

_______ are soluble proteins and glycoproteins produced by hepatocyte and its inactive form is ______

Answer 5

Complement system; compelment; zymogens

Question 6

_____ pathway is complement sctivation that is initiated by antigen-antibody reax

Antibody + antigen reactive site in constant portion is activated

Answer 6

Classical

Question 7

Effects of classical pathway

1. Opsonization & phagocytosis = ______ activates phagocytosis by both neutrophils and macrophages
2. Lysis = ______ direct effect of rupturing cell membranes
3. ________ = change the sruface of invading orgsnimsm adhere to one another
4. Neutralization
5. Chemotaxis = fragment ____ initiates chemotaxis
6. Activation of mast cells / basophils = activate mast cells & basophils
7. Inflammatory effects

Answer 7

C3b;
C5b6789;
Agglutination;
C5a
C3a-c5a

Question 8

T lymphocytes respond to antigens when they are bound to specific molecule called _______

Answer 8

MHC proteins

Question 9

Derived from hematopoeitic bone marrow progenitor cells and most potent of antigen-presenting cells and only function is present antigen to T-cells

Answer 9

Dendritic cells

Question 10

Set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for acquired immune system

Answer 10

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 11

MHC system known as _____ in humans is located on short arm of ________ and contains most polymorphic gene cluster of entire human genome

Answer 11

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA); chromosome 6 (6p21)

Question 12

________ are express on all nucleated cells and platelets while _______ are expressed on antigen presenting cells (APC) such as B lymphocytes, dendritic cells ….

Answer 12

HLA Class I; HLA Class II

Question 13

MHC I proteins present antigens to _______, while MHC II present antigens to ________

Answer 13

Cytotoxic T-cells; T-helper cells

Question 14

3 groups of type of T-cells

1. _______ / CD4 T cells = most numerous of T cells that form series of protein mediators called ______ that act on other cell of immune system and inactivated / destroyed by ______

Answer 14

1. T-helper cells; lymphokines; HIV

Question 15

4 subtypes of t-helper
1. TH1 = secretes ______ and gamma-interferon stimulating cellular immunity
2. TH2 = secretes ___ and ____ in relation to humoral immunity
3. Th17 = produces ____ and ____, helps in recruiting neutrophils snd induce respnse to bacterial infections
4. Treg = producr ____ dampen T-cell response

Answer 15

Interleukin (IL) 2;
IL4-1L5;
IL6-IL17
IL-10

Question 16

Function of lymphokines
1.________ stimulatory causing growth and proliferstion of both t cells

2. ______ B cell stimulating factors

Answer 16

IL2;
IL4-IL6

Question 17

Killer cells that attack cancer cells, heart transplant cells and any foreign cells. This t-cell secretes hole forming proteins called ______ that punch holes in membrane of attacked cells

Answer 17

Cytotoxic T-cell; perforins

Question 18

suppress the function of cytotoxic from cuasing excessive immune reaction and t-helper cells

Answer 18

Suppressor T-cells

Question 19

Immune system attack a person’s own body

Answer 19

Immune tolerance