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Mini CPE 1 > Hemo > Flashcards

Hemo Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the Hematocrit tube

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
RBCs
Clay

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2
Q

Plasma Colors

A 
Straw 
Clear
Lipemic
-Hypothyroidism, DM, post prandial
Hemolytic
-IV hemolysis, too small needle with too much negative back pressure, shaking
Icteric
-Biliary stasis, EV hemolysis, carotenes
-Normal in horses
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3
Q

Green Top Tube

A

GreenTT
Contains heparin
Blood gases
Yields plasma when spun

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4
Q

Lavender/Purple Top Tube

A

LTT/PTT
Contains EDTA
CBC
Yield plasma when spun

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5
Q

Red Top Tube

A 
RTT
Contains nothing
Biochemistries 
Should be drawn for chemistries is an ambulatory practice
Yields serum
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6
Q

Blue Top Tube

A 
BTT
Na Citrate
Coagulation studies
Yield plasma when spun
Must be fill
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7
Q

Grey Top Tube

A

GreyTT
Oxylate
Blood glucose
Yields plasma when spun

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8
Q

Tiger Striped Tube

A

SST
Gel
Biochemistries
Yields serum

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9
Q

CBC Collection

A 
Most common error in hemo= NOT MIXING THE SAMPLE (gently)
3 things that result in blood clotting
-not mixing
-dinking around
-traumatic blood collection
2 potential sources of error
-hemolysis
-clotting
--will completely invalidate the sample
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10
Q

Needle gauges and sites: dog

A

20ga

Jugular

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11
Q

Needle gauges and sites: cat

A

22ga

Jugular

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12
Q

Needle gauges and sites: pig

A

22ga

Ear

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13
Q

Needle gauges and sites: sheep

A

20ga

Jugular

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14
Q

Needle gauges and sites: horse

A

18ga

Jugular

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15
Q

Needle gauges and sites: cow

A

20ga

Tail

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16
Q

Needle gauges and sites: avian

A

<25 ga

Jugular

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17
Q

Needle gauges and sites: goat

A

20ga

Jugular

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18
Q

Hypovolemia

A

2 mechanism

  • Dehydration
  • # 1 cause of dehydration in cats=renal failure
  • # 1 cause of dehydration in dogs=vomiting/diarrhea
  • Blood loss
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19
Q

Components of Blood

A

Cellular
-RBC, WBC, platelet
-Defense, immunity, O2 transport, clotting
Acellular
-Albumin, glucose, globulins
-Maintains oncotic pressure, energy, defense
Fluid
-Water
-Thermoregulation, solvent, O2/CO2 transport

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20
Q

BRCT

A

Blue ring hematocrit tube
Contains nothing
PCV/TP from LTT

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21
Q

RRCT

A

Red ring hematocrit tube
Contains heparin
Used for PCV/TP directly from pt
Avian/reptile CBC

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22
Q

BlackRCT

A

Black ring hematocrit tube
Contains heparin
Smaller in diameter
Avian/reptile CBC

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23
Q

Blood film: 10X

A 
Feathered edge
-WBC distribution
-Abnormal cells
-Microfilaria
-Plt clumping
Monolayer
-WBC distribution 
-Check for appropriate size
Body
-Agglutination
 --Saline wash
-Rouleaux
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24
Q

Blood film: 40X

A

Monolayer

  • WBC differential
  • Begin morphology
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25
Blood film: 100X (oil immersion)
Monolayer - Plt estimate - Plt morphology - WBC morphology - RBC morphology
26
Platelet Clumping
Invalidates platelet estimate
27
TP (Total Protein)
Decreases -At birth, anorexia, burns, EPI, hemorrhage, late gestation, liver failure, malabsorption, over hydration, PLE, PLN Increases -Dehydration, early gestation, geriatrics, hemolysis, inflammation, PPN
28
Absolute Hypoproteinemia
Decrease productions Increase loss Decrease consumption
29
Artifactual Hypoproteinemia
Not wiping off the distilled H2O off the refractometer
30
Relative Hypoproteinemia
Decrease concentration
31
Absolute Hyperproteinemia
Increase productions
32
Artifactual Hyperproteinemia
Increase glucose Drying on refractometer Including the buffy coat Lipemia
33
Relative Hyperproteinemia
Increase concentration
34
Liver failure
Decrease TP | No change in PCV
35
Dehydration
Increase TP | Increase PCV
36
Hemorrhage
Decrease TP | Decrease PCV
37
Hemolysis
Increase TP | Decrease PCV
38
Renal Failure
No change, may increase, may decrease TP | Decrease PCV
39
Bone Marrow Toxin
No change TP | Decrease PCV
40
Overhydration
Decrease TP | Decrease PCV
41
RBC Occurrence
PPSC Rubriblast Prorubricyte Rubricyte
42
3 Trends in RBC Morphology
Nucleated to a nucleated Big to small Basophillic to eosinophilic
43
3 Things seen on an NMB stained slider (New Methylene Blue)
``` Heinz bodies Howell jolly bodies Punctate reticulocytes -Older retic -Dots ```
44
Reticulocytes
``` Aggregate -count in cats only -clumps -younger retic Punctate -count aggregate and punctate in dogs -spots -older retic ```
45
Ancanthocytes
Morphology change seen due to cholesterol content | Protrusions on RBC that are long and irregular in length
46
Anisocytosis
Unequal RBC size
47
Basophilic Stippling
Blue/purple dots seen with lead poisoning
48
Echinocytes
Equally shaped projections on an RBC | Another name for creation
49
Heinz Bodies
Can be normal in the cat Indicate Tylenol toxicity Clear to pale nipplelike projections seen on routine stain Inclusion that shows up on NMB stain as a Blue/purple protrusion
50
Howell Jolly Bodies
Nuclear remnant that stains blue/purple on routine stain
51
Hypochromasia
RBC has less Hgb than normal
52
Keratocytes
"helmet" cell
53
Leptocytes
More surface area than contents
54
Metarubricytes
nRBC
55
Poikilocytosis
Irregular shaped RBC that drastically alters the blood film
56
Polychromasia
Immature RBC that is bluish in color
57
Schistocytes
RBC fragments
58
Spherocytes
More contents that surface area | Occurs with anemia
59
Stomatocytes
Morphology seen in dogs with achondrodytrophy
60
Target Cells
A type of leptocytes | Bulls eye
61
Torocytes
Punched put Hgb | Look like cheerios
62
Manual Platelet Count
``` <10% difference between side A and side B Pipette size -20ul Fluid function -dilute/lyses Magnification -40X Counting areas -middle square of the center large square Hemacytometer with cover slip ```
63
6 Potential Sources of Error in manual Cell Counts
``` Duplicate counting Under filling pipette Not wiping pipette Not mixing Bubbling out Not cleaning ```
64
Neutrophils Order of Occurrence
``` Proliferating pool of neutrophils Maturing pool Storage pool Circulating pool Marginating pool Neutrophil pool ```
65
Cell Stimulation
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil
66
Cell stimulation and functions: neutrophil
``` Stimulus infectious and noninfectious inflammatory disease Bacterial products and prostaglandins Functions: -Bacteriphage -Inflammatory mediators ```
67
Cell stimulation and functions: eosinophil
``` Stimulus -allergic conditions -long tissue migrating parasites Functions: -plays role in allergies -parasitocidal ```
68
Cell stimulation and functions: basophil
Stimulus -immediate hypersensitivity Functions -anaphylaxis
69
3 Components of Hemostasis: primary
``` vWB disease -inherited Liver failure -acquired Thrombopathia -acquired Thrombocytopenia -acquired Vasculitis -acquired DIC -acquired ```
70
3 Components of hemostasis: secondary
``` Liver failure -acquired vWB disease -inherited Hemophilia -inherited Warfarin Toxicity -acquired DIC -acquired ```
71
3 Components of hemostasis: fibrinolysis
DIC | -acquired
72
von Willebrand's Factor
Produced by endothelial cells and platelets
73
Factor VIII
Produced by endothelial cells and platelets | Intrinsic pathway
74
Factor II
Vitamin K dependent factor
75
Factor VII
Vitamin K dependent Extrinsic pathway Fibrinolysis
76
Factor XII
Intrinsic pathway
77
Factor IX
Vitamin K dependent | Intrinsic pathway
78
Factor X
Vitamin K dependent
79
Factor XI
Intrinsic pathway
80
FDP's
fibrinolysis
81
Thrombin
Common pathway
82
Plasmin
Fibrinolysis
83
Tissue Thromboplastin
Extrinsic pathway
84
Plasminogen
Fibrinolysis
85
Prothrominase
Stimulus for common pathway
86
Liver
Produces most of the coagulation factor
87
Leukograms: stress
``` Chemical Mediator -Glucocorticoids WBC Distribution -segs increased -band neutral -lymphs decreased -monos increased -eos decreased -basos neutral ```
88
Leukograms: physiology
``` Chemical Mediator -Glucocorticoids WBC Distribution -segs increased -bands neutral -lymphs increased -monos increased -eos increased -basos increased ```
89
Leukograms: inflammation
``` Chemical Mediator -Prostaglandins WBC Distribution -segs increased -bands increased -lymphs neutral -monos increased -eos neutral -basos neutral ```
90
Toxic Changes in Neutrophils
``` Dohle Bodies Basophilic cytoplasm Cytoplasm vauolization Toxic azurophilic granules All found in cytoplasm of seg ```
91
2 Cytoplasmic Changes in a Monocyte
Hemosiderin Erythrophagocytosis Both pathognomonic signs for IMHA
92
Reactive Lymphs
Have basophilic cytoplasm | Perinuclear halo
93
Plasma Cells
Seen in peripheral blood of birds and reptiles
94
3 Mechanisms of Anemia
``` Increased Loss -hemorrhage Decreased Production -renal failure, bone marrow toxin Increased Destruction -IMHA ```
95
Diff Quick
``` Fixative -- 5 one sec dips Eosinophilic -- 5 one sec dips Basophilic -- 7-10 one sec dips Follow with H2O rinse Retics are called polychromatophil ```
96
Wright's Stain
Wright's Stain -- 1-3 min Buffer with 1 pipette of Wright's stain --1 min Distilled H2O -- 7-10 one sec dips retics are called polychromatophil
97
Give the name used to describe reticulocytes on a blood film stained with Wrights stain or Diff Quick.
Polychromatophil
98
How many WBCs are counted for a WBC differential?
100 WBCs on 40X
99
How many RBCs are counted for a reticulocyte count?
1000 RBCs

Mini CPE 1 (8 decks)

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