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Mini CPE 1 > Hemo > Flashcards

Hemo Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the Hematocrit tube

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
RBCs
Clay

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2
Q

Plasma Colors

A 
Straw 
Clear
Lipemic
-Hypothyroidism, DM, post prandial
Hemolytic
-IV hemolysis, too small needle with too much negative back pressure, shaking
Icteric
-Biliary stasis, EV hemolysis, carotenes
-Normal in horses
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3
Q

Green Top Tube

A

GreenTT
Contains heparin
Blood gases
Yields plasma when spun

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4
Q

Lavender/Purple Top Tube

A

LTT/PTT
Contains EDTA
CBC
Yield plasma when spun

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5
Q

Red Top Tube

A 
RTT
Contains nothing
Biochemistries 
Should be drawn for chemistries is an ambulatory practice
Yields serum
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6
Q

Blue Top Tube

A 
BTT
Na Citrate
Coagulation studies
Yield plasma when spun
Must be fill
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7
Q

Grey Top Tube

A

GreyTT
Oxylate
Blood glucose
Yields plasma when spun

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8
Q

Tiger Striped Tube

A

SST
Gel
Biochemistries
Yields serum

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9
Q

CBC Collection

A 
Most common error in hemo= NOT MIXING THE SAMPLE (gently)
3 things that result in blood clotting
-not mixing
-dinking around
-traumatic blood collection
2 potential sources of error
-hemolysis
-clotting
--will completely invalidate the sample
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10
Q

Needle gauges and sites: dog

A

20ga

Jugular

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11
Q

Needle gauges and sites: cat

A

22ga

Jugular

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12
Q

Needle gauges and sites: pig

A

22ga

Ear

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13
Q

Needle gauges and sites: sheep

A

20ga

Jugular

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14
Q

Needle gauges and sites: horse

A

18ga

Jugular

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15
Q

Needle gauges and sites: cow

A

20ga

Tail

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16
Q

Needle gauges and sites: avian

A

<25 ga

Jugular

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17
Q

Needle gauges and sites: goat

A

20ga

Jugular

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18
Q

Hypovolemia

A

2 mechanism

  • Dehydration
  • # 1 cause of dehydration in cats=renal failure
  • # 1 cause of dehydration in dogs=vomiting/diarrhea
  • Blood loss
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19
Q

Components of Blood

A

Cellular
-RBC, WBC, platelet
-Defense, immunity, O2 transport, clotting
Acellular
-Albumin, glucose, globulins
-Maintains oncotic pressure, energy, defense
Fluid
-Water
-Thermoregulation, solvent, O2/CO2 transport

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20
Q

BRCT

A

Blue ring hematocrit tube
Contains nothing
PCV/TP from LTT

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21
Q

RRCT

A

Red ring hematocrit tube
Contains heparin
Used for PCV/TP directly from pt
Avian/reptile CBC

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22
Q

BlackRCT

A

Black ring hematocrit tube
Contains heparin
Smaller in diameter
Avian/reptile CBC

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23
Q

Blood film: 10X

A 
Feathered edge
-WBC distribution
-Abnormal cells
-Microfilaria
-Plt clumping
Monolayer
-WBC distribution 
-Check for appropriate size
Body
-Agglutination
 --Saline wash
-Rouleaux
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24
Q

Blood film: 40X

A

Monolayer

  • WBC differential
  • Begin morphology
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25
Q

Blood film: 100X (oil immersion)

A

Monolayer

  • Plt estimate
  • Plt morphology
  • WBC morphology
  • RBC morphology
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26
Q

Platelet Clumping

A

Invalidates platelet estimate

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27
Q

TP (Total Protein)

A

Decreases
-At birth, anorexia, burns, EPI, hemorrhage, late gestation, liver failure, malabsorption, over hydration, PLE, PLN
Increases
-Dehydration, early gestation, geriatrics, hemolysis, inflammation, PPN

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28
Q

Absolute Hypoproteinemia

A

Decrease productions
Increase loss
Decrease consumption

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29
Q

Artifactual Hypoproteinemia

A

Not wiping off the distilled H2O off the refractometer

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30
Q

Relative Hypoproteinemia

A

Decrease concentration

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31
Q

Absolute Hyperproteinemia

A

Increase productions

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32
Q

Artifactual Hyperproteinemia

A

Increase glucose
Drying on refractometer
Including the buffy coat
Lipemia

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33
Q

Relative Hyperproteinemia

A

Increase concentration

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34
Q

Liver failure

A

Decrease TP

No change in PCV

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35
Q

Dehydration

A

Increase TP

Increase PCV

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36
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Decrease TP

Decrease PCV

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37
Q

Hemolysis

A

Increase TP

Decrease PCV

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38
Q

Renal Failure

A

No change, may increase, may decrease TP

Decrease PCV

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39
Q

Bone Marrow Toxin

A

No change TP

Decrease PCV

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40
Q

Overhydration

A

Decrease TP

Decrease PCV

41
Q

RBC Occurrence

A

PPSC
Rubriblast
Prorubricyte
Rubricyte

42
Q

3 Trends in RBC Morphology

A

Nucleated to a nucleated
Big to small
Basophillic to eosinophilic

43
Q

3 Things seen on an NMB stained slider (New Methylene Blue)

A 
Heinz bodies
Howell jolly bodies
Punctate reticulocytes
-Older retic
-Dots
44
Q

Reticulocytes

A 
Aggregate
-count in cats only
-clumps
-younger retic
Punctate
-count aggregate and punctate in dogs
-spots
-older retic
45
Q

Ancanthocytes

A

Morphology change seen due to cholesterol content

Protrusions on RBC that are long and irregular in length

46
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Unequal RBC size

47
Q

Basophilic Stippling

A

Blue/purple dots seen with lead poisoning

48
Q

Echinocytes

A

Equally shaped projections on an RBC

Another name for creation

49
Q

Heinz Bodies

A

Can be normal in the cat
Indicate Tylenol toxicity
Clear to pale nipplelike projections seen on routine stain
Inclusion that shows up on NMB stain as a Blue/purple protrusion

50
Q

Howell Jolly Bodies

A

Nuclear remnant that stains blue/purple on routine stain

51
Q

Hypochromasia

A

RBC has less Hgb than normal

52
Q

Keratocytes

A

“helmet” cell

53
Q

Leptocytes

A

More surface area than contents

54
Q

Metarubricytes

A

nRBC

55
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Irregular shaped RBC that drastically alters the blood film

56
Q

Polychromasia

A

Immature RBC that is bluish in color

57
Q

Schistocytes

A

RBC fragments

58
Q

Spherocytes

A

More contents that surface area

Occurs with anemia

59
Q

Stomatocytes

A

Morphology seen in dogs with achondrodytrophy

60
Q

Target Cells

A

A type of leptocytes

Bulls eye

61
Q

Torocytes

A

Punched put Hgb

Look like cheerios

62
Q

Manual Platelet Count

A 
<10% difference between side A and side B
Pipette size
-20ul
Fluid function 
-dilute/lyses
Magnification
-40X
Counting areas
-middle square of the center large square 
Hemacytometer with cover slip
63
Q

6 Potential Sources of Error in manual Cell Counts

A 
Duplicate counting
Under filling pipette
Not wiping pipette
Not mixing
Bubbling out
Not cleaning
64
Q

Neutrophils Order of Occurrence

A 
Proliferating pool of neutrophils
Maturing pool
Storage pool
Circulating pool
Marginating pool
Neutrophil pool
65
Q

Cell Stimulation

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

66
Q

Cell stimulation and functions: neutrophil

A 
Stimulus infectious and noninfectious inflammatory disease
Bacterial products and prostaglandins
Functions:
-Bacteriphage
-Inflammatory mediators
67
Q

Cell stimulation and functions: eosinophil

A 
Stimulus
-allergic conditions
-long tissue migrating parasites
Functions:
-plays role in allergies
-parasitocidal
68
Q

Cell stimulation and functions: basophil

A

Stimulus
-immediate hypersensitivity
Functions
-anaphylaxis

69
Q

3 Components of Hemostasis: primary

A 
vWB disease
-inherited
Liver failure
-acquired
Thrombopathia 
-acquired
Thrombocytopenia 
-acquired
Vasculitis 
-acquired
DIC
-acquired
70
Q

3 Components of hemostasis: secondary

A 
Liver failure
-acquired
vWB disease
-inherited
Hemophilia
-inherited
Warfarin Toxicity
-acquired
DIC
-acquired
71
Q

3 Components of hemostasis: fibrinolysis

A

DIC

-acquired

72
Q

von Willebrand’s Factor

A

Produced by endothelial cells and platelets

73
Q

Factor VIII

A

Produced by endothelial cells and platelets

Intrinsic pathway

74
Q

Factor II

A

Vitamin K dependent factor

75
Q

Factor VII

A

Vitamin K dependent
Extrinsic pathway
Fibrinolysis

76
Q

Factor XII

A

Intrinsic pathway

77
Q

Factor IX

A

Vitamin K dependent

Intrinsic pathway

78
Q

Factor X

A

Vitamin K dependent

79
Q

Factor XI

A

Intrinsic pathway

80
Q

FDP’s

A

fibrinolysis

81
Q

Thrombin

A

Common pathway

82
Q

Plasmin

A

Fibrinolysis

83
Q

Tissue Thromboplastin

A

Extrinsic pathway

84
Q

Plasminogen

A

Fibrinolysis

85
Q

Prothrominase

A

Stimulus for common pathway

86
Q

Liver

A

Produces most of the coagulation factor

87
Q

Leukograms: stress

A 
Chemical Mediator
-Glucocorticoids
WBC Distribution
-segs increased
-band neutral
-lymphs decreased 
-monos increased
-eos decreased
-basos neutral
88
Q

Leukograms: physiology

A 
Chemical Mediator
-Glucocorticoids
WBC Distribution 
-segs increased
-bands neutral
-lymphs increased
-monos increased
-eos increased
-basos increased
89
Q

Leukograms: inflammation

A 
Chemical Mediator
-Prostaglandins 
WBC Distribution
-segs increased
-bands increased
-lymphs neutral
-monos increased
-eos neutral
-basos neutral
90
Q

Toxic Changes in Neutrophils

A 
Dohle Bodies
Basophilic cytoplasm
Cytoplasm vauolization 
Toxic azurophilic granules
All found in cytoplasm of seg
91
Q

2 Cytoplasmic Changes in a Monocyte

A

Hemosiderin
Erythrophagocytosis
Both pathognomonic signs for IMHA

92
Q

Reactive Lymphs

A

Have basophilic cytoplasm

Perinuclear halo

93
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Seen in peripheral blood of birds and reptiles

94
Q

3 Mechanisms of Anemia

A 
Increased Loss
-hemorrhage
Decreased Production
-renal failure, bone marrow toxin
Increased Destruction
-IMHA
95
Q

Diff Quick

A 
Fixative -- 5 one sec dips
Eosinophilic -- 5 one sec dips
Basophilic -- 7-10 one sec dips
Follow with H2O rinse
Retics are called polychromatophil
96
Q

Wright’s Stain

A

Wright’s Stain – 1-3 min
Buffer with 1 pipette of Wright’s stain –1 min
Distilled H2O – 7-10 one sec dips
retics are called polychromatophil

97
Q

Give the name used to describe reticulocytes on a blood film stained with Wrights stain or Diff Quick.

A

Polychromatophil

98
Q

How many WBCs are counted for a WBC differential?

A

100 WBCs on 40X

99
Q

How many RBCs are counted for a reticulocyte count?

A

1000 RBCs

Mini CPE 1 (8 decks)

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