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A&P 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Is the study of form and structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Is the study of function

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3
Q

Types of Anatomy

A

Microscopic
Macroscopic
Regional
Systemic

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4
Q

T/F

Body is divided into 11 main body systems

A

True

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5
Q

Dorsal plane

A

Divides the body into a dorsal and ventral portion

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6
Q

Contralateral

A

Pertaining to the opposite side of the body

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7
Q

Palmar

A

Pertaining to the distal portion of the front limb to the carpus

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8
Q

Patellar

A

Refers to the knee

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9
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline

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10
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Contains brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Divided into the thorax and abdomen by the diaphragm

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12
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Mediastinum

Pleural cavity

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13
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains the lungs

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14
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Contains the lungs

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15
Q

Peritoneum

A

Inside layer: visceral peritoneum
Outside layer: parietal peritoneum
Serous membranes (serous fluid)

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16
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A 
Organism 
System level: organ system
Organ level
Tissue level
Cellular leve
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17
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintains physiological limits within the body

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18
Q

Homostasis

A

If the vessel is damaged:

  • vasoconstriction
  • formation of a platelet plug
  • formation of a clot
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19
Q

Control Center

A

Component of feedback loop that sets the optimum condition and decides if a response is necessary
Negative loop reverses the changes in the controlled conditions

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20
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transportation
Regulation
Defense

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21
Q

Blood cells: RBC

A

Transport only

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22
Q

Blood cells: Neutrophil

A

Phagocytosis, bacteria

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23
Q

Blood cells: Eosinophil

A

Numbers increase with allergies and external parasites

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24
Q

Blood cells: Monocyte/macrophage

A

Phagocytosis

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25
Blood cells: B Lymphocytes
Produced antibodies in response to specific antigen
26
Blood cells: T Lymphocytes
Kills pathogen directly
27
Passive Transport
``` Does NOT require energy Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Filtration ```
28
Simple diffusion
Movement of small molecules, gases and ion down their concentration gradient
29
Facilitated diffusion
Method by which glucose enters the cell
30
Osmosis
Movement of H2O down its concentration gradient
31
Filtration
Movement of water and small solutes down their pressure gradients
32
4 Effectors of the body
Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Glands
33
Connective Tissue
Binds and connects tissues together
34
3 basic components of connective tissue
Specialized cells Extracellular fibers Ground Substances
35
Fixed Cells
Condroblasts/osteoblasts/fibrblasts
36
Wandering cells
Mast cells/WBC
37
Collagen fibers
Give CT strength
38
Reticular fibers
Give CT support/framework
39
Elastic fibers
Give CT strength and recoil
40
Ground substance + extracellular fibers =
Matrix
41
Areolar CT
A loose array of all three fiber types in a gel like ground substance -- found under basement membrane of epithelium
42
Adipose CT
Closely packed cells filled with lipid
43
Adipose CT function
Insulation Storage Energy Production
44
Reticular CT
- Cells supported by a network of irregularly arranged reticular fibers - Found in red bone marrow, liver and spleen
45
Dense regular CT
Contains parallel collagen fibers
46
Dense regular CT function
To resist pulling in two opposite directions
47
Dense irregular CT
- Contains sheets of collagen sheets running in different directions - Found in dermis, organ capsules, submucosa in GI tract
48
Elastic CT
Contains elastic fibers that stretch and recoil
49
Cartilage
Slow to heal due to low blood supply Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage
50
Hyaline Cartilage
Collagen fibers in a firm ground substance | Found in embryonic skeleton, trachea, nose
51
Elastic Cartilage
Elastic fibers in a firm ground substance | Found in epiglottis
52
Fibrocartilage
Contains more collagen fibers in thicker bundles
53
Fibrocartilage functions
To withstand weight bearing forces
54
Bone functions
Protection Support Blood cell production
55
Successful Bone Healing
NO MOVEMENT AT FRACTURE SITE
56
Extracellular fibers
Mineral salts | Collagen fibers
57
Mineral salts
Give bone its hardness
58
Collagen fibers
Give bone its tensile strength
59
Compact Bone
Has osteons Forms the external layer of all bones Forms the bulk of the long shaft of long bones Lies over spongy bone
60
Periosteum
Thin membranes that covers the outside of bones and provides the blood supply to the compact bone
61
Epiphyseal Foramen
- Hole through the medullary cavity that holds the nutrient artery - Osteoblasts outside the bone - Osteoblasts in the medullary cavity
62
Growth Plate Zone
- Epiphysis - Zone of resting cartilage - Zone proliferating cartilage - Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - Zone of calcified cartilage - Diaphysis
63
Hormones
Estrogen | Parathormone
64
Estrogen
Responsible for the closure of growth plates at puberty
65
Parathormone
Released in response to low blood calcium levels
66
Epithelial Tissue function
Protects, covers and line Filters biochemical substances Absorbs nutrients Provides sensory input
67
Apical Surfaces
Faces the lumen of a hollow organ, body cavity, or the environment
68
Basal Surfaces
Faces the basement membrane
69
Basement Membrane
- Provides foundation for the epithelial cells - Cements the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue - Provides a partial barrier or filter
70
Dermal Papillae
Anchors the epidermis to the dermis | Increases surface area between epidermis and the dermis
71
Hypodermis functions
``` Insulation SQ injections Shock absorption Energy Storage ```
72
Signs of Inflammation
``` Heat Swelling Pain Redness +/- loss of function ```
73
Horse foot
Coffin bone/joint -P3 -Distal phalanx Housed within the hoof capsule
74
Pastern
Joint located between the coffin joint and the fetlock
75
Fetlock
Joint includes joint and proximal sesamoid bones | Ankle
76
Cannon
Metacarpal and metatarsal region in between the splint bones | Metacarpal III
77
Knee
Carpus | Front limbs only
78
Hock
Tarsus | Hind limbs only
79
Metacarpal Bones II and IV
Lateral and medial splint bones
80
Proximal Phalanx (P1)
Long pastern
81
Middle Phalanx
P2 | Short pastern
82
Distal Sesamoid Bone
Navicular bone
83
3 Basic Functions of the Nervous System
``` Sensory -Sense changes in the internal and external environment Intergrative -Decides if a response is necessary Motor -Produce a response if one necessary ```
84
Central Nervous System
Consist of brain and spinal cord
85
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial and spinal nerves Somatic Autonomic
86
PNS: Somatic
Voluntary | Innervates skeletal muscles
87
PNS: Autonomic: Sympathetic
Fight or flight Decrease saliva and mucus production increase HR Bronchial muscles relaxed Sphincters relaxed
88
PNS: Autonomic: Parasympathetic
``` Rest and digest/restore Involuntary Innervates smooth muscle and cardiac muscle Saliva production Mucus production Decreased HR Digestion increased Relaxed sphincters ```
89
Action Potential
``` Membrane voltage - -55mv Depolarization Hyperpolarization -relative refractory period Resting -unstimulated neuron - -70mv Repolarization -K gates are open and Na gates are closed ```
90
Synapse
A junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and its effector An involuntary response to protect the body and maintain homeostasis An electrical is converted to a chemical signal and then back into an electrical signal Post ganglionic synapse -in the PNS -Acetylcholine
91
Neurocardiac Junction
Acetylcholine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter Synaptic cleft -may be broken downy an enzyme -may be taken up by the synaptic end bulb and reused -may diffuse out of the synaptic cleft and be lost in the interstitial fluid
92
Cerebrum
Higher order behaviors Learning Intelligence and awareness Controls skeletal muscle
93
Cerebellum
Allows body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture and complex Controls muscle tone
94
Thalamus
Relay for sensory information to the cerebrum
95
Hypothalamus
Interface between the nervous and endocrine systems | Controls body temperature, hungry, and thirst
96
Midbrain
Relay for motor information from the cerebrum to the pons | Coordinates movement of the head and eyeballs
97
Pons
Relays information to and from the cerebrum | Helps control breathing
98
Medulla Oblongata
Regulated heartbeat, breathing, and blood vessel diameter | Controls coughing, sneezing, and vomiting
99
Cerebrospinal Fluid
CSF Ependymal Cells Circulates through the subarachniod space Produced in all ventricles
100
Brain
``` Has constant demand for -O2 -Glucose Blood/brain barrier -Astrocyte cells ```
101
Spinal Nerve
Roots carry motor (efferent) information | Spinal cord consists of Gray Matter
102
Reflex
Autonomic response designed to protect the body and maintain homeostasis
103
Myelin function
Saltatory conduction -- "to leap" | Insulation
104
Paralysis
Loss of voluntary movement
105
Digestive Tract
Oral cavity Philtrum Muscularis Peritoneum
106
DT: Phitrum
``` Indentation between the nose and upper lip Functions: -prehension -mechanical digestion -saliva ```
107
Digestive Tract functions
``` Prehension -grasping food with the lips, teeth and tongue Digestion -mechanical and chemical breakdown for food Absorption -absorbs into organs -passage of food into the bloodstream Elimination -of wastes -2 sphincters --inner smooth muscle --outer mucous membrane ```
108
DT: Muscularis
``` Two layers of smooth muscle -inner circular layer -function --sequential contractions to mix ingest -outer longitudinal layer Stomach has an inner third layer to aid in churning and processing ```
109
DT: Peritoneum
``` Layer on organ -visceral Layer on the body wall -parietal Omentum Mesentary ```
110
Omentum function
"natural band aid" Protects organs Absorbs fluids Stores fat
111
Mesentary function
Suspends the jejunum for the dorsal body wall | Supplies nutrients and blood to the jejunum with arteries
112
Cementum
Specialized bone that covers the root of the tooth
113
Gingival Sulcus
Dogs: 0-3mm Cats: 0-1mm
114
Pharynx
Can visualize the oropharynx Nasopharynx -dorsal to the soft palate
115
Pharynx function
Moves food bolus to the esophagus
116
Gastric Pit Cells
Goblet cells -mucin (thick mucus) and bicarbonate Partietal cells -H and Cl which combine in the lumen to form HCI --softens connective tissue in meat Chief cells Pepsinogen which is converted in the lumen to pepsin
117
Small Intestine
Villi Microvilli Bile emulsifies fats, increases peristalsis and retard putrefaction
118
SI: Microvilli function
Increase surface area | Aid in absorption and digestion
119
Large Intestine function
Reabsorption of H2O production of vitamin B and K | Deification
120
Salivary Glands
``` Sublingual Parotid -largest -located ventral to the horizontal ear canal Zygomatic Mandibular ```
121
Pancreas
Exocrine | Endocrine
122
Pancreas: Exocrine
Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate -secretes into the duodenum --buffer for pH2 and chyme --absorption and digestion are more efficient ar a higher pH Amylase -breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars Zymogen -an inactive enzyme
123
Pancreas: Endocrine
Causes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis - insulin - glucagon
124
Liver
``` Receives blood from the hepatic artery and small intestine Functional unit -Lobule 4 Main Functions -filtration -storage -synthesis -detoxification ```
125
Liver: filtration
Dead, dying RBCs
126
Liver: storage
Energy | Glucose in the form of glycogen
127
Liver: synthesis
Amino acids Proteins -albumin
128
Liver: detoxification
Alcohol | Anesthesia
129
Sphincters
``` Cardiac sphincter Pyloric sphincter Ileocecal valve anus -really has two but count as one ```
130
Urinary System
Kidneys - Convert ammonia to liver to urea to urine - Rids the body of nitrogenous wastes - -BUN and Creatine
131
Respiratory System
``` Cooperates with the cardiovascular system Nasal passages Alveoli Lungs Diaphragm Gas ET tubes ```
132
Respiratory System functions
Regulates body temperature | pH balance
133
RS: Nasal passage function
Sense of smell | Warms, humidifies and oncoming air
134
RS: Alveoli
``` Tubing "bronchial tree" -due to branching Primary bronchii -enter lungs at their hilus Tertiary bronchii -have hyaline cartilage rings -C shaped Bronchioles -have smooth muscle Gases cross by passive transport -simple diffusion Cells -In each alveolus: produce surfactant --reduces the surface tension of H2O --prevents atelectasis on exhalation ```
135
RS: Lungs
Pleural Spaces - mediastinum - everything else but the lungs - lungs - slightly negative pressure - -keeps lungs inflated - -holds them tightly against the body wall - "as the body wall goes, so go the lungs" - -structures - -visceral and parietal pleura - -pleural fluid - Boyles Law - -as the size of the lungs increase, the pressure in the lungs decreases
136
Diaphragm
Skeletal muscle Innervated by the phrenic nerve -controlled by the Medulla Oblongata Inhalation -contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles Exhalation -recruitment of abdominal muscles and inner intercostal muscles
137
Gas
O2 drives respiration -majority of O2 carried in the blood by Hgb (in RBCs) CO2 -carried in the blood as an ion TWO REASONS WHY WE VENTILATE (BAG) ANIMALS UNDER ANESTHESIA -blow off excess CO2 -Prevent atelectasis
138
ET tubes
Endotracheal tubes | Only way to ensure proper placement into the glottis is by LOOKING AT IT
139
Endocardium
Thin, smooth layer Simple squamous epithelium Lines heart Continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels
140
Myocardium
``` Thickest layer Contraction pumps blood Receives blood during diastole Made up of cardiac muscle cells -are striated -are involuntary -Branch -are autorhythmic -connected to each other by intercalated discs --contain junctional complexes --prevent cardiac muscle from tearing --gap junctions --make the action potential move faster ```
141
Pericardium
Fibroserous membrane From the pericardial sac -holds the heart in place in the mediastinum Outer most layer of the heart
142
Valves
4 -- located at the entrances and exits of the ventricles
143
Blood
Pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs Returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins Right side of the heart is high in CO2 and low in O2 -low pressure Left side of the heart is high in O2 and low in CO2 -high pressure Cardiac output=stroke volume X HR Respiratory pump -special adaptations
144
SA Node
The pacemaker | -has the fastest depolarization rate
145
EKG
Representation of the electrical activity of the heart
146
Arteries
Pressure vessels Internal and external elastic laminae surrounding the tunica media -allows arteries to stretch and recoil as the heart alternatively then relaxes to fill
147
Blood Pressure
The force blood exerts against blood vessel walls | A crude indicator of cardiovascular health
148
Blood Pressure Mechanisms
Regulation of blood vessel diameter Regulation of HR Regulation of heart contractility
149
Reproductive System: Female functions
Development of female reproductive cells -ova/oocytes Production female sex hormones -estrogen and progesterone Received male reproductive cells and furnishes a site for them to fertilize ova Provides a site for embryo development -carries fetus until term and pushes out at parturition Mammary glands produce nourishment until weaning
150
RS: female suspensory ligament
Connects ovary to body walls
151
RS: female ovary
Female gonad | Homologus to the male testicle
152
RS: female Fallopian/uterine tubes
Peristalsis and cilia move oocytes down the tube for fertilization Then out to the horns for implantation
153
RS: female proper ligament of the ovary
Connects ovary to horn | Tough handle
154
RS: female uterus
Horns and body | Extends from oviducts to the cervix
155
RS: female vagina
Between cervix and vulva Receives penis Acts as birth canal
156
RS: female vulva
Forms entrance into vagina | Consists of the vestibule, clitoris and labia (external lips)
157
RS: female hypothalamus
GNRH - Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone - -Stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland
158
RS: female anterior pituitary gland
``` Follicle stimulating hormone -FSH -Stimulates synthesis of estrogen -Causes "heat" signals -Secretes sex pharamones Leutinizing hormone -LH -Stimulates ovulation of follicles when estrogen levels are high -Spontaneous ovulators ```
159
RS: female gestation
Dogs: 63 days
160
RS: female anestrus
Time between ovarian cycles | Average 7 months
161
RS: female proestrus
Female attracts male Will not accept service 7 days
162
RS: female estrus
Female accepts service | Average 7 days
163
RS: female metestrus/diestrus
Receptiveness ends | Progesterone levels drop of not pregnant
164
RS: male functions
Development and delivery to spermatozoa to the female tract Productions of male sex hormone -testosterone
165
Body of the testicle contains
``` Seminiferous tubules -site of spermatogenesis Interstitial cells/cells of Leydig -produce testosterone Sertoli cells/nurse cells/sustencular -nourish developing male sex cells ```
166
Body of the testicle covered with
Tunica albuginia - white capsule - visceral vaginal tunic - partietal vaginal tunic
167
Body of the testicle: epididymus
Head, body and tail Long convoluted tube -carries sperm cells from the body to the ductus (vas) differens -gives time to mature Ductus (vas) differens -carries sperm cells from epididymus to prostate
168
Body of the testicle: scrotum
Cutaneous sac holding testes | Temperature sensitive
169
Body of the testicle: prostate
Unpaired gland around the pelvic urethra | Increases motility
170
Testosterone
Make sex hormone
171
RS: male FSH
Initiates spermatogenesis
172
RS: male LH
Stimulates cells of Leydig to produce testosterone
173
Neuter/Castration/Orhiectomy
Removal of the testes | Part of the spermatic cord
174
Cryptorchidism
"hidden seed" Failure of one or both testicles to descend in the scrotum at or out the time of birth -Likely due to failure of the ligament --Gubernaculum Most likely to spot them in the inguinal canal
175
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Enlarged prostate -due to stimulation by testosterone/altered testosterone/estrogen ratio Impinges on the rectum -"ribbon stools"
176
Large animal: gastric groove
Important structure in suckling calves | -due to milk bypassing the rumen
177
Large animal: rumen
``` Digestive enzymes Microbial population -bacteria -fungi -protozoa Rumenation -regurgitation ```
178
Large animal: reticulum
``` Honey comb appearance -acts as filter Microbial fermentation Blind sac of the rumen Left side pH: 5.8-6.0 ```
179
Large animal: abomasum
Portion of the ruminant stomach "true stomach" Has glandular lining pH: 2-4
180
Large animal: omasum
Aka stomach Book-like appearance Compress fluid from the food bolus
181
Large animal: colon
``` Ascending Colon (large colon) Descending Colon (small colon) ```
182
Large animal: ascending colon
``` Right ventral colon Sternal flexure Left ventral colon Pelvic flexure Left dorsal colon Diaphragmatic flexure Right dorsal colon Transverse colon ```
183
Signs of colic
Kicking at belly | Flopping
184
Sand impaction
``` Diarrhea Ocean-like sounds Mid-moderate pain Ventral colon Ventral colon and cecum ```
185
True or false | The gastrocnemius muscle is found in the front limb
False | Hind
186
True or false | Tendons connect bone to bone
False | Muscle to bone
187
Where is the stomach located?
LUQ
188
Where is the liver located?
RUQ
189
Where is the spleen located?
Left side just caudal to stomach
190
Give the common names for the 3 most distal joints in an equine front leg (below the carpus). List from proximal to distal.
Fetlock Pastern Coffin
191
Give the common name for the distal phalynx in a horse
Coffin bone
192
In a dog, what bones are immediately distal to the carpus?
Metacarpals

Mini CPE 1 (8 decks)

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