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Mini CPE 1 > A&P 1&2 > Flashcards

A&P 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Is the study of form and structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Is the study of function

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3
Q

Types of Anatomy

A

Microscopic
Macroscopic
Regional
Systemic

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4
Q

T/F

Body is divided into 11 main body systems

A

True

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5
Q

Dorsal plane

A

Divides the body into a dorsal and ventral portion

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6
Q

Contralateral

A

Pertaining to the opposite side of the body

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7
Q

Palmar

A

Pertaining to the distal portion of the front limb to the carpus

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8
Q

Patellar

A

Refers to the knee

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9
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline

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10
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Contains brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Divided into the thorax and abdomen by the diaphragm

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12
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Mediastinum

Pleural cavity

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13
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains the lungs

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14
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Contains the lungs

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15
Q

Peritoneum

A

Inside layer: visceral peritoneum
Outside layer: parietal peritoneum
Serous membranes (serous fluid)

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16
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A 
Organism 
System level: organ system
Organ level
Tissue level
Cellular leve
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17
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintains physiological limits within the body

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18
Q

Homostasis

A

If the vessel is damaged:

  • vasoconstriction
  • formation of a platelet plug
  • formation of a clot
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19
Q

Control Center

A

Component of feedback loop that sets the optimum condition and decides if a response is necessary
Negative loop reverses the changes in the controlled conditions

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20
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transportation
Regulation
Defense

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21
Q

Blood cells: RBC

A

Transport only

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22
Q

Blood cells: Neutrophil

A

Phagocytosis, bacteria

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23
Q

Blood cells: Eosinophil

A

Numbers increase with allergies and external parasites

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24
Q

Blood cells: Monocyte/macrophage

A

Phagocytosis

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25
Q

Blood cells: B Lymphocytes

A

Produced antibodies in response to specific antigen

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26
Q

Blood cells: T Lymphocytes

A

Kills pathogen directly

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27
Q

Passive Transport

A 
Does NOT require energy
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
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28
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement of small molecules, gases and ion down their concentration gradient

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29
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Method by which glucose enters the cell

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30
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of H2O down its concentration gradient

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31
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of water and small solutes down their pressure gradients

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32
Q

4 Effectors of the body

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands

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33
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Binds and connects tissues together

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34
Q

3 basic components of connective tissue

A

Specialized cells
Extracellular fibers
Ground Substances

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35
Q

Fixed Cells

A

Condroblasts/osteoblasts/fibrblasts

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36
Q

Wandering cells

A

Mast cells/WBC

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37
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Give CT strength

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38
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Give CT support/framework

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39
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Give CT strength and recoil

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40
Q

Ground substance + extracellular fibers =

A

Matrix

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41
Q

Areolar CT

A

A loose array of all three fiber types in a gel like ground substance – found under basement membrane of epithelium

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42
Q

Adipose CT

A

Closely packed cells filled with lipid

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43
Q

Adipose CT function

A

Insulation
Storage
Energy
Production

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44
Q

Reticular CT

A
  • Cells supported by a network of irregularly arranged reticular fibers
  • Found in red bone marrow, liver and spleen
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45
Q

Dense regular CT

A

Contains parallel collagen fibers

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46
Q

Dense regular CT function

A

To resist pulling in two opposite directions

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47
Q

Dense irregular CT

A
  • Contains sheets of collagen sheets running in different directions
  • Found in dermis, organ capsules, submucosa in GI tract
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48
Q

Elastic CT

A

Contains elastic fibers that stretch and recoil

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49
Q

Cartilage

A

Slow to heal due to low blood supply
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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50
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Collagen fibers in a firm ground substance

Found in embryonic skeleton, trachea, nose

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51
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Elastic fibers in a firm ground substance

Found in epiglottis

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52
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Contains more collagen fibers in thicker bundles

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53
Q

Fibrocartilage functions

A

To withstand weight bearing forces

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54
Q

Bone functions

A

Protection
Support
Blood cell production

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55
Q

Successful Bone Healing

A

NO MOVEMENT AT FRACTURE SITE

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56
Q

Extracellular fibers

A

Mineral salts

Collagen fibers

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57
Q

Mineral salts

A

Give bone its hardness

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58
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Give bone its tensile strength

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59
Q

Compact Bone

A

Has osteons
Forms the external layer of all bones
Forms the bulk of the long shaft of long bones
Lies over spongy bone

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60
Q

Periosteum

A

Thin membranes that covers the outside of bones and provides the blood supply to the compact bone

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61
Q

Epiphyseal Foramen

A
  • Hole through the medullary cavity that holds the nutrient artery
  • Osteoblasts outside the bone
  • Osteoblasts in the medullary cavity
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62
Q

Growth Plate Zone

A
  • Epiphysis
  • Zone of resting cartilage
  • Zone proliferating cartilage
  • Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  • Zone of calcified cartilage
  • Diaphysis
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63
Q

Hormones

A

Estrogen

Parathormone

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64
Q

Estrogen

A

Responsible for the closure of growth plates at puberty

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65
Q

Parathormone

A

Released in response to low blood calcium levels

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66
Q

Epithelial Tissue function

A

Protects, covers and line
Filters biochemical substances
Absorbs nutrients
Provides sensory input

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67
Q

Apical Surfaces

A

Faces the lumen of a hollow organ, body cavity, or the environment

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68
Q

Basal Surfaces

A

Faces the basement membrane

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69
Q

Basement Membrane

A
  • Provides foundation for the epithelial cells
  • Cements the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue
  • Provides a partial barrier or filter
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70
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

Anchors the epidermis to the dermis

Increases surface area between epidermis and the dermis

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71
Q

Hypodermis functions

A 
Insulation
SQ injections
Shock absorption 
Energy
Storage
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72
Q

Signs of Inflammation

A 
Heat 
Swelling
Pain
Redness
\+/- loss of function
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73
Q

Horse foot

A

Coffin bone/joint
-P3
-Distal phalanx
Housed within the hoof capsule

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74
Q

Pastern

A

Joint located between the coffin joint and the fetlock

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75
Q

Fetlock

A

Joint includes joint and proximal sesamoid bones

Ankle

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76
Q

Cannon

A

Metacarpal and metatarsal region in between the splint bones

Metacarpal III

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77
Q

Knee

A

Carpus

Front limbs only

78
Q

Hock

A

Tarsus

Hind limbs only

79
Q

Metacarpal Bones II and IV

A

Lateral and medial splint bones

80
Q

Proximal Phalanx (P1)

A

Long pastern

81
Q

Middle Phalanx

A

P2

Short pastern

82
Q

Distal Sesamoid Bone

A

Navicular bone

83
Q

3 Basic Functions of the Nervous System

A 
Sensory 
-Sense changes in the internal and external environment
Intergrative
-Decides if a response is necessary
Motor
-Produce a response if one necessary
84
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Consist of brain and spinal cord

85
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial and spinal nerves
Somatic
Autonomic

86
Q

PNS: Somatic

A

Voluntary

Innervates skeletal muscles

87
Q

PNS: Autonomic: Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight
Decrease saliva and mucus production increase HR
Bronchial muscles relaxed
Sphincters relaxed

88
Q

PNS: Autonomic: Parasympathetic

A 
Rest and digest/restore
Involuntary 
Innervates smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Saliva production
Mucus production
Decreased HR
Digestion increased 
Relaxed sphincters
89
Q

Action Potential

A 
Membrane voltage
- -55mv
Depolarization
Hyperpolarization
-relative refractory period
Resting
-unstimulated neuron
- -70mv
Repolarization
-K gates are open and Na gates are closed
90
Q

Synapse

A

A junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and its effector
An involuntary response to protect the body and maintain homeostasis
An electrical is converted to a chemical signal and then back into an electrical signal
Post ganglionic synapse
-in the PNS
-Acetylcholine

91
Q

Neurocardiac Junction

A

Acetylcholine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft
-may be broken downy an enzyme
-may be taken up by the synaptic end bulb and reused
-may diffuse out of the synaptic cleft and be lost in the interstitial fluid

92
Q

Cerebrum

A

Higher order behaviors
Learning
Intelligence and awareness
Controls skeletal muscle

93
Q

Cerebellum

A

Allows body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture and complex
Controls muscle tone

94
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay for sensory information to the cerebrum

95
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Interface between the nervous and endocrine systems

Controls body temperature, hungry, and thirst

96
Q

Midbrain

A

Relay for motor information from the cerebrum to the pons

Coordinates movement of the head and eyeballs

97
Q

Pons

A

Relays information to and from the cerebrum

Helps control breathing

98
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Regulated heartbeat, breathing, and blood vessel diameter

Controls coughing, sneezing, and vomiting

99
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

CSF
Ependymal Cells
Circulates through the subarachniod space
Produced in all ventricles

100
Q

Brain

A 
Has constant demand for
-O2 
-Glucose
Blood/brain barrier 
-Astrocyte cells
101
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

Roots carry motor (efferent) information

Spinal cord consists of Gray Matter

102
Q

Reflex

A

Autonomic response designed to protect the body and maintain homeostasis

103
Q

Myelin function

A

Saltatory conduction – “to leap”

Insulation

104
Q

Paralysis

A

Loss of voluntary movement

105
Q

Digestive Tract

A

Oral cavity
Philtrum
Muscularis
Peritoneum

106
Q

DT: Phitrum

A 
Indentation between the nose and upper lip
Functions:
-prehension
-mechanical digestion
-saliva
107
Q

Digestive Tract functions

A 
Prehension
-grasping food with the lips, teeth and tongue
Digestion
-mechanical and chemical breakdown for food
Absorption
-absorbs into organs
-passage of food into the bloodstream
Elimination
-of wastes
-2 sphincters
 --inner smooth muscle
 --outer mucous membrane
108
Q

DT: Muscularis

A 
Two layers of smooth muscle 
-inner circular layer
 -function
 --sequential contractions to mix ingest
-outer longitudinal layer
Stomach has an inner third layer to aid in churning and processing
109
Q

DT: Peritoneum

A 
Layer on organ
-visceral
Layer on the body wall
-parietal
Omentum
Mesentary
110
Q

Omentum function

A

“natural band aid”
Protects organs
Absorbs fluids
Stores fat

111
Q

Mesentary function

A

Suspends the jejunum for the dorsal body wall

Supplies nutrients and blood to the jejunum with arteries

112
Q

Cementum

A

Specialized bone that covers the root of the tooth

113
Q

Gingival Sulcus

A

Dogs:
0-3mm
Cats:
0-1mm

114
Q

Pharynx

A

Can visualize the oropharynx
Nasopharynx
-dorsal to the soft palate

115
Q

Pharynx function

A

Moves food bolus to the esophagus

116
Q

Gastric Pit Cells

A

Goblet cells
-mucin (thick mucus) and bicarbonate
Partietal cells
-H and Cl which combine in the lumen to form HCI
–softens connective tissue in meat
Chief cells
Pepsinogen which is converted in the lumen to pepsin

117
Q

Small Intestine

A

Villi
Microvilli
Bile emulsifies fats, increases peristalsis and retard putrefaction

118
Q

SI: Microvilli function

A

Increase surface area

Aid in absorption and digestion

119
Q

Large Intestine function

A

Reabsorption of H2O production of vitamin B and K

Deification

120
Q

Salivary Glands

A 
Sublingual 
Parotid
-largest
-located ventral to the horizontal ear canal
Zygomatic 
Mandibular
121
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

122
Q

Pancreas: Exocrine

A

Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
-secretes into the duodenum
–buffer for pH2 and chyme
–absorption and digestion are more efficient ar a higher pH
Amylase
-breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Zymogen
-an inactive enzyme

123
Q

Pancreas: Endocrine

A

Causes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

  • insulin
  • glucagon
124
Q

Liver

A 
Receives blood from the hepatic artery and small intestine
Functional unit 
-Lobule
4 Main Functions
-filtration
-storage
-synthesis
-detoxification
125
Q

Liver: filtration

A

Dead, dying RBCs

126
Q

Liver: storage

A

Energy

Glucose in the form of glycogen

127
Q

Liver: synthesis

A

Amino acids
Proteins
-albumin

128
Q

Liver: detoxification

A

Alcohol

Anesthesia

129
Q

Sphincters

A 
Cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
Ileocecal valve
anus
-really has two but count as one
130
Q

Urinary System

A

Kidneys

  • Convert ammonia to liver to urea to urine
  • Rids the body of nitrogenous wastes
  • -BUN and Creatine
131
Q

Respiratory System

A 
Cooperates with the cardiovascular system
Nasal passages
Alveoli
Lungs
Diaphragm
Gas ET tubes
132
Q

Respiratory System functions

A

Regulates body temperature

pH balance

133
Q

RS: Nasal passage function

A

Sense of smell

Warms, humidifies and oncoming air

134
Q

RS: Alveoli

A 
Tubing 
"bronchial tree"
 -due to branching
Primary bronchii
 -enter lungs at their hilus
Tertiary bronchii
 -have hyaline cartilage rings
 -C shaped
Bronchioles 
 -have smooth muscle
Gases cross by passive transport
 -simple diffusion
Cells
 -In each alveolus: produce surfactant 
 --reduces the surface tension of H2O
 --prevents atelectasis on exhalation
135
Q

RS: Lungs

A

Pleural Spaces

  • mediastinum
  • everything else but the lungs
  • lungs
  • slightly negative pressure
  • -keeps lungs inflated
  • -holds them tightly against the body wall
  • “as the body wall goes, so go the lungs”
  • -structures
  • -visceral and parietal pleura
  • -pleural fluid
  • Boyles Law
  • -as the size of the lungs increase, the pressure in the lungs decreases
136
Q

Diaphragm

A

Skeletal muscle
Innervated by the phrenic nerve
-controlled by the Medulla Oblongata
Inhalation
-contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
Exhalation
-recruitment of abdominal muscles and inner intercostal muscles

137
Q

Gas

A

O2 drives respiration
-majority of O2 carried in the blood by Hgb (in RBCs)
CO2
-carried in the blood as an ion
TWO REASONS WHY WE VENTILATE (BAG) ANIMALS UNDER ANESTHESIA
-blow off excess CO2
-Prevent atelectasis

138
Q

ET tubes

A

Endotracheal tubes

Only way to ensure proper placement into the glottis is by LOOKING AT IT

139
Q

Endocardium

A

Thin, smooth layer
Simple squamous epithelium
Lines heart
Continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels

140
Q

Myocardium

A 
Thickest layer
Contraction pumps blood 
Receives blood during diastole
Made up of cardiac muscle cells 
-are striated
-are involuntary
-Branch
-are autorhythmic
-connected to each other by intercalated discs
 --contain junctional complexes
  --prevent cardiac muscle from tearing
 --gap junctions
  --make the action potential move faster
141
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibroserous membrane
From the pericardial sac
-holds the heart in place in the mediastinum
Outer most layer of the heart

142
Q

Valves

A

4 – located at the entrances and exits of the ventricles

143
Q

Blood

A

Pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
Returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins
Right side of the heart is high in CO2 and low in O2
-low pressure
Left side of the heart is high in O2 and low in CO2
-high pressure
Cardiac output=stroke volume X HR
Respiratory pump
-special adaptations

144
Q

SA Node

A

The pacemaker

-has the fastest depolarization rate

145
Q

EKG

A

Representation of the electrical activity of the heart

146
Q

Arteries

A

Pressure vessels
Internal and external elastic laminae surrounding the tunica media
-allows arteries to stretch and recoil as the heart alternatively then relaxes to fill

147
Q

Blood Pressure

A

The force blood exerts against blood vessel walls

A crude indicator of cardiovascular health

148
Q

Blood Pressure Mechanisms

A

Regulation of blood vessel diameter
Regulation of HR
Regulation of heart contractility

149
Q

Reproductive System: Female functions

A

Development of female reproductive cells
-ova/oocytes
Production female sex hormones
-estrogen and progesterone
Received male reproductive cells and furnishes a site for them to fertilize ova
Provides a site for embryo development
-carries fetus until term and pushes out at parturition
Mammary glands produce nourishment until weaning

150
Q

RS: female suspensory ligament

A

Connects ovary to body walls

151
Q

RS: female ovary

A

Female gonad

Homologus to the male testicle

152
Q

RS: female Fallopian/uterine tubes

A

Peristalsis and cilia move oocytes down the tube for fertilization
Then out to the horns for implantation

153
Q

RS: female proper ligament of the ovary

A

Connects ovary to horn

Tough handle

154
Q

RS: female uterus

A

Horns and body

Extends from oviducts to the cervix

155
Q

RS: female vagina

A

Between cervix and vulva
Receives penis
Acts as birth canal

156
Q

RS: female vulva

A

Forms entrance into vagina

Consists of the vestibule, clitoris and labia (external lips)

157
Q

RS: female hypothalamus

A

GNRH

  • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
  • -Stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland
158
Q

RS: female anterior pituitary gland

A 
Follicle stimulating hormone
-FSH
-Stimulates synthesis of estrogen
-Causes "heat" signals
-Secretes sex pharamones
Leutinizing hormone
-LH
-Stimulates ovulation of follicles when estrogen levels are high
-Spontaneous ovulators
159
Q

RS: female gestation

A

Dogs: 63 days

160
Q

RS: female anestrus

A

Time between ovarian cycles

Average 7 months

161
Q

RS: female proestrus

A

Female attracts male
Will not accept service
7 days

162
Q

RS: female estrus

A

Female accepts service

Average 7 days

163
Q

RS: female metestrus/diestrus

A

Receptiveness ends

Progesterone levels drop of not pregnant

164
Q

RS: male functions

A

Development and delivery to spermatozoa to the female tract
Productions of male sex hormone
-testosterone

165
Q

Body of the testicle contains

A 
Seminiferous tubules
-site of spermatogenesis
Interstitial cells/cells of Leydig
-produce testosterone
Sertoli cells/nurse cells/sustencular
-nourish developing male sex cells
166
Q

Body of the testicle covered with

A

Tunica albuginia

  • white capsule
  • visceral vaginal tunic
  • partietal vaginal tunic
167
Q

Body of the testicle: epididymus

A

Head, body and tail
Long convoluted tube
-carries sperm cells from the body to the ductus (vas) differens
-gives time to mature
Ductus (vas) differens
-carries sperm cells from epididymus to prostate

168
Q

Body of the testicle: scrotum

A

Cutaneous sac holding testes

Temperature sensitive

169
Q

Body of the testicle: prostate

A

Unpaired gland around the pelvic urethra

Increases motility

170
Q

Testosterone

A

Make sex hormone

171
Q

RS: male FSH

A

Initiates spermatogenesis

172
Q

RS: male LH

A

Stimulates cells of Leydig to produce testosterone

173
Q

Neuter/Castration/Orhiectomy

A

Removal of the testes

Part of the spermatic cord

174
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

“hidden seed”
Failure of one or both testicles to descend in the scrotum at or out the time of birth
-Likely due to failure of the ligament
–Gubernaculum
Most likely to spot them in the inguinal canal

175
Q

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

A

Enlarged prostate
-due to stimulation by testosterone/altered testosterone/estrogen ratio
Impinges on the rectum
-“ribbon stools”

176
Q

Large animal: gastric groove

A

Important structure in suckling calves

-due to milk bypassing the rumen

177
Q

Large animal: rumen

A 
Digestive enzymes
Microbial population
-bacteria 
-fungi
-protozoa
Rumenation
-regurgitation
178
Q

Large animal: reticulum

A 
Honey comb appearance
-acts as filter
Microbial fermentation 
Blind sac of the rumen
Left side
pH: 5.8-6.0
179
Q

Large animal: abomasum

A

Portion of the ruminant stomach
“true stomach”
Has glandular lining
pH: 2-4

180
Q

Large animal: omasum

A

Aka stomach
Book-like appearance
Compress fluid from the food bolus

181
Q

Large animal: colon

A 
Ascending Colon (large colon)
Descending Colon (small colon)
182
Q

Large animal: ascending colon

A 
Right ventral colon
Sternal flexure 
Left ventral colon
Pelvic flexure
Left dorsal colon
Diaphragmatic flexure
Right dorsal colon
Transverse colon
183
Q

Signs of colic

A

Kicking at belly

Flopping

184
Q

Sand impaction

A 
Diarrhea 
Ocean-like sounds
Mid-moderate pain
Ventral colon
Ventral colon and cecum
185
Q

True or false

The gastrocnemius muscle is found in the front limb

A

False

Hind

186
Q

True or false

Tendons connect bone to bone

A

False

Muscle to bone

187
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

LUQ

188
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

RUQ

189
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Left side just caudal to stomach

190
Q

Give the common names for the 3 most distal joints in an equine front leg (below the carpus). List from proximal to distal.

A

Fetlock
Pastern
Coffin

191
Q

Give the common name for the distal phalynx in a horse

A

Coffin bone

192
Q

In a dog, what bones are immediately distal to the carpus?

A

Metacarpals

Mini CPE 1 (8 decks)

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