HEME (Terms) Flashcards
Cytopenia
Def’n, Mech (2 options)?
Reduction in # of blood cells.
MECH =↓production or↑destruction.
BM Failure
Causes (2)?
CAUSES:
- Aplastic Anemia
- Leukemia
Pancytopenia
Def’n, Causes, Pres (3)?
↓in all cell types: RBCs, WBCs + Platelets.
CAUSES:
- BM failure
PRES:
- Anemia
- Infection
- Bleeding / Hem
Thrombocytopenia
Seen In (2)?
SEEN IN:
- BM failure
- Htn
- Preeclampsia / Eclampsia
Neutropenia
Def’n / Value, Causes (5)?
Neutrophil count ↓production of WBCs)
- Radiation
Eosinopenia
Causes (2)?
CAUSES:
- Cushing’s Sx
- Corticosteroids
Lymphopenia
Def’n / Values (adults vs children), Causes (6)?
- Lymphocyte count
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Def’n,↑Seen In (5),↓Seen In (5)?
Infl reactants in plasma (eg fibrinogen) coat RBCs and cause them to AGGREGATE.
Because RBC aggregates have a higher density than plasma,
SR↑.
↑SEEN IN:
- Infections
- Inflammation + Autoimmune Dz
- Malignancies
- Pregnancy
- Anemias (most)
↓SEEN IN:
- ↓Fibrinogen
- Microcytosis
- Polycythemia (↑# of RBCs dilutes aggregation factors)
- Sickle Cell Anemia (RBCs w altered shape)
- CHF
Hemostasis
Def’n?
Stopping of bleeding at site of interrupted endothelium.
Thrombosis
Def’n, MC Location, RF (Virchow’s Triad), Chars (2)?
PATHOLOGICAL formation of a clot within an INTACT vessel.
Deep Veins of Leg (below knee).
RF: Virchow’s Triad:
- Hypercoaguable state
- Endothelial cell damage
- Disruption in blood flow
CHARS:
- Attachment to vessel wall
- Lines of Zahn: alternating layers of platelets / fibrin + RBCs
Bleeding Time
Normal Value,↑Seen In (general)?
Normal = 2-7 minutes.
↑SEEN IN: Platelet Disorders
Platelet Count
Normal Value, Abnormal Value?
Normal = 150-400 K/ul.
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Def’n,↑Seen In (2)?
Measurement of EXTRINSIC + COMMON pathways of
Coagulation Cascade.
How long does it take for PLASMA to clot?
Defect ->↑PT.
↑SEEN IN:
- Vitamin K Deficiency
- DIC
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
Def’n,↑Seen In?
Measurement of INTRINSIC + COMMON pathways of
Coagulation Cascade.
How long does it take for BLOOD to clot?
Defect ->↑PTT.
↑SEEN IN: Coagulation Disorders.
Cytosis
Def’n?
↑in # of blood cells.
Agranulocytosis
Def’n?
Marked decrease in the # of granulocytes.
Anisocytosis
Def’n, Measurement, Seen In?
Cells of varying SIZES.
RDW.
SEEN IN:
- B-Thalassemia
Erythrocytosis / Polycythemia
Def’n, Seen In (2)?
Increased proportion of blood volume occupied by RBCs.
ABSOLUTE: ↑in # of RBCs, RBC mass + EPO levels. RELATIVE: ↓in plasma volume.
SEEN IN:
- Eisenmenger’s Sx
- Hepatoma / HCC
Inappropriate Absolute Polycythemia
Def’n, Mech, Causes (4)?
Absolute Polycythemia with NORMAL O2 Sat.
MECH = Ectopic EPO production.
CAUSES:
- Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Wilms Tumor
- Hydronephrosis
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Appropriate Absolute Polycythemia
Def’n (additional specificity), Causes (3)?
Absolute Polycythemia with↓O2 Sat.
CAUSES:
- High altitude
- Lung dz
- Ectopic EPO production from Renal CC
Leukocytosis
Seen In (2)?
SEEN IN:
- Leukemia
- Myeloproliferative disorders
Poikilocytosis
Def’n, Seen In?
Cells of varying SHAPES.
SEEN IN:
- B-Thalassemia
Neutrophilia / Neutrophilic Leukocytosis
Def’n / Value, Causes (3), Seen In?
Circulating Neutrophils > 75%.
CAUSES:
- Release of BM Neutrophils, incl immature forms = ‘Left Shift’:
Pyogenic infections (ie bacterial infections) + Tissue necrosis
- High Cortisol state: Corticosteroids or Cushing’s Sx
(impairs leukocyte adhesion -> release of marginated pool of neut)
- Leukocyte Adhesion Def (phagocyte dysfunction)
SEEN IN:
- CML
Eosinophilia
Def’n / Value, Mech, Causes (5: “NAACP”)?
Eosinophils > 5%.
MECH =↑eosinophil chemotactic factor.
CAUSES:
- Neoplastic / Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Allergic processes (Type 1 HS)
- Asthma
- Collagen vascular diseases
- Parasites (invasive)
Basophilia (RARE)
Def’n / Value, Seen In?
Basophils > 2%.
SEEN IN:
- CML
Monocytosis
Def’n / Value, Causes (2)?
Monocytes + Lymphocytes > 10%.
CAUSES:
- Chronic infl states / infections
- Malignancy
Lymphocytosis
Def’n / Value, Causes (3)?
Lymphocytes > 35%.
CAUSES:
- Chronic infections
- B pertussis infection
- Viral infections (T cell hyperplasia in response to viruses)
Thrombocytosis
Seen In (3)?
SEEN IN:
- ET
- PV
- Postsplenectomy
Embolism
Def’n?
Intravascular mass that travels and occludes DOWNSTREAM vessels.
Anemia
Def’n + Values (male vs female), Pres?
↓in circulating RBC mass.
Hb
Leukemia
Def’n, MC Location?
Myeloid or Lymphoid neoplasms with WIDESPREAD
involvement of BM.
Tumor cells usually found in peripheral blood.
Leukemoid Reaction
Def’n, Blood Findings (3), Labs?
Acute infl response to infection.
BLOOD:
- WBC count↑
- Neutrophils↑
- Neutrophil precursors (eg band cells)↑= “Left Shift”
LABS:
- Leukocyte ALP↑
Lymphoma
Def’n?
DISCRETE tumor masses arising from lymph nodes.
