Heme and cancer Flashcards
What are undifferentiated cells called? and what happens when they die?
Stem cells. They tell new cells to proliferate
What is dynamic equilibrium
When cell death is equal to cell growth
What do normal cells do? 3
They respect boundaries (increase contact inhibition)
neighboring cells inhibit cell growth-through the cell membrane
rate of growth in each cell is different depending on location
rapid areas include bone marrow, epithelial tissue, hair/skin/nails
What things do cancer cells do? 7
Proliferate at the same rate as the tissue they came from
Don’t respond to equilibrium-they are continuous
don’t listen to contact inhibition
no regard for cell boundaries
grow on top of, in-between not in order
Can produce more than two cells during mitosis
the growth=pyramid effect
Doubling time
Time it takes for the tumor to double in size
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
What are protoncogogenes 4
Genes that regulate cell growth but can become unlocked from carcinogens or oncogenetic viruses
once they become unlocked they work like oncogenes-tumor inducing
this means the ability and properties that the cell had in fetal development are now active
it is immature, dedifferentiated, change from normal to make
and can make new proteins
Oncogene proteins
are located?
2 ex
and one more thing they produce
Located on the cell membrane
in blood tests
CEA and Fetalprot
produce hormones
What are tumor decreasing genes
What happens to them during cancer
Two examples and about them
They regulate growth by not letting cells go through the cell cycle
Are mutated or turned off
BRAC1 and BRAC 2 have inherited mutations for breast and cervical cancer
What is ACP gene
Tumor suppressor gene that can have a Family mutation gene for adenomatous
polyposis- colorectal cancer
Model of development of cancer
Initiation- Inherited or acquired
Promotion- Reversible proliferation
Progression-possible metastasis tumor growth
Initiation
What is it?
What about inherited?
What about acquired- 3 examples
Any change or mutation in usual DNA sequencing
if inherited -sm risk but high risk
carcinogens- Alkylating drugs or immunosuppressants can cause secondary leukemia that is resistant to chemo
Radiation- Atomic bomb and UV
Viral- Epstein barr, HIV, Hep B, HPV
Latent period and when does it happen?
the time between genetic alteration and actual evidence of cancer can be yrs-decades
In promotion
When are cancer cells evide?
! cm palp
0.5 MRI
Promotion
What are some reversible promoters?
obesity, smoking, alcohol, dietary fat.
What is a complete cancinogen? example
they are capable of promoting and initiating cancer
cig smoke
What cancers does alcohol cause?
Recommended drinks for men and women
Heavy drinking
week for m and w
breast, colon, oral, pharynx, larynx, esophagus 2 or less for men 1 for women 4 or more any day w-8 more a week 15 or more a week m
What are some common spots for mat of cancer 6
Brain, cerebral fluid, lung, liver, adrenals, bone
CEP
FP
Carcenoembryonic antigen is a tumor cell protein
Alpha fetoprotein
What do cytotoxic t cells do
Produce cytokine, interleukin 2 y interferon- stimulates other t interleukin cells
Monocytes
Release other cytokines, tumor necrosis factor
and colony stimulating factor- work on bone marrow to stimulate WBC
How do cancer cells evade immune response?
Factors that stimulate t cells are suppressed
weak surface antigens
I system can become tolerant to antigens
cancer can secrete products that decrease IS
tumors can decrease t cells
tumors can make blocking antibodies that bind to its antigen
What are the oncofetal antigens and how do we use them what are they 2
Tumor antigens from cell in the fetal state
use them as tumor markers
CEA and AFP
Classification
Benign vs malignant
Benign- well differentiated, it is rare for them to reoccur and better prognosis
Malignant- Range from well differentiated ti undifferentiated they are able to invade and metastasize
Why do we classify tumors?
To communicate, prepare and evaluate a tx plan, determine prognosis, compare groups, and stratify risk
Autonomic what is it? Epithelial connective nervous lymph plasma bone marrow
name that tumor. It is identified by the tissue of origin and behavior (benign or mal) b then m Epithelial- oma carcinoma connective oma sarcoma nervous oma and oma lymph NA Hodg/nonhodg plasma NA Multiple myeloma bone marrow NA lymphocyte, myelogenous, leukemia
What is histologic grading
1-4 and x low to high looks to see how closely it resembles the tissue it is from
1- Mild dysplasia and well differentiated
2- Calls are more abnormal mod dys and diff
3 very abnormal severe dys and poorly diff
4. cells are immature, primitive, undefined- hard to tell what tissue it came from
x-Can’t be assessed
Cancer staging
and what we don’t use this for
0-4 use to show size, location, extent of spread, helps determine prognosis and tx
0-Cancer in situ
1-Tissue of origin-localized tumor growth
2-Limited local spread
3-Extensive local and regional spread
4- metastasis
Leukemia and blood
TMN classification
T tumor-primary tumor size and extent
N- nodes
M- Metastasis
Not for leukemia or blood , brain, spinal cord, bone marrow, lymphoma
One nursing thing
Avoid high nitrate concentrations
CAUTION
Change in bowel or bladder A sore that won't heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening lump Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing obvious change in wart/mole/mouth sore Nagging cough or hoarseness
What are the tx for cancer 6
Surgury, radiation, chemo, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy
