Hematology general Flashcards
There are two types of WBC
Granulocytes and lymphocytes
What is the percentage of blood of the total body weight of adults ?
∼ 7% of the total body weight of adults
Blood composition
Plasma: ∼ 55%
Blood cells: ∼ 45%
what is the percentage of plasma in blood ?
∼ 55%
what is the percentage of blood cells in blood ?
∼ 45%
what is the liquid constituent of blood ?
Plasma
What is the compostion of plasma ?
water, plasma proteins (including coagulation factors), electrolytes, hormones, and other bioactive substances
What is the main function of the bone marrow ?
Hematopoiesis
- Filters aging RBCs
- Houses immune cells (e.g., plasma cells)
How many types of bone marrow we have ?
Two, Red marrow and Yellow marrow
multipotent hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into either __________________________
Myeloid or lymphoid precursor cells
Myeloid precursor cells develop into ?
Erythrocytes, Granulocytes, or Megakaryocytes.
What is the percentage of Granulocytes among the WBCs ?
40-60%
What are the differntiated cells of Granulocytes ?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
BEN
Of which neutrophils are the most common.
Which hematopoietic cell produces plateletes ?
Megakaryocytes
Lymphoid precursor cells develop into ?
Lymphocytes or Natural killer cells
Marker of hematopoietic cells ?
CD34
What is the reference range of RBC count in men ?
♂ : 4.3–5.9 million/mm3
What is the reference range of RBC count in women ?
♀ : 3.5–5.5 million/mm3
RR Hemoglobin (Hb) in women ?
12–16 g/dL
RR Hemoglobin (Hb) in men ?
13.5–17.5 g/dL
What is a common cause for the elevation in RR of RBC count and Hb ?
Polycythemia vera
What is the “Hematocrit” ?
the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.
Porphyria leads to
Impaired Heme synthesis
RR of Hematocrit in Men ?
♂: 41%–53%
RR of Hematocrit in Women ?
♀: 36%–46%
RR of Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
80–100 μm3
What are common reasons for reduction of MCV ?
Microcytic anemia
e.g., due to:
Iron deficiency
Thalassemia
Common cause for elevation of MCV ?
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Nonmegaloblastic macrocytic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia, e.g., caused by:
Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency
Nonmegaloblastic macrocytic anemia, e.g, caused by:
Liver disease Alcohol use Hypothyroidism
Which blood type is the “Universal acceptor” blood type?
AB
Which blood type is the “Universal donor”?
O
What is an antigen?
Molecule capable of inducing immune response
What should we administer for a Rh-negative pregnant woman?
anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis is administered
How much can we decrease the Rh-incompatability after routine anti-D prophylaxis?
Can decrease the risk of maternal alloimmunization from approx. 15% to 0.1%
in an Rh-negative mother with an Rh-positive child
What is the Hemolytic disease of the newborn (or Erythroblastosis fetalis)?
It is a disease that can affect the fetus of Rh- mother and Rh+ father if the fetus is Rh+.
What do we detect with Direct-coomb’s test?
Antibodies or complement on surface of RBC
What do we detect with Indirect-coombs test?
Detects antibodies in the serum
Can the indirect coomb’s test detect complement in the serum?
No
Complement is only activated only on the surface of the cells
What is the coomb’s reagent?
Antibodies to human globulin (can be antibodies to IgM, IgG, or complement)
what are the stages in Direct coomb’s test?
Add the patient’s RBC’s to coomb’s reagent
What are the stages in indirect coomb’s test?
1) Add patient plasma to RBC’s with known antigen
2) Add coomb’s reagent
what is positive test in direct/indirect coombs test?
Agglutination
When do we use Indirect coombs test?
Pre transfusion testing
prenatal antibody screen
