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BIO 222 > Hematology (Blood) > Flashcards

Hematology (Blood) Flashcards

1
Q

A specialized fluid connective tissue that contains cell suspended in a fluid matrix

A

blood

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2
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • transport dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
  • regulating the pH and Ion composition of interstitial fluids
  • restricting fluid losses at injury site
  • defending against toxins and pathogens
  • stabilizing body temp
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3
Q

Which of the 4 major tissue types is blood?

A

connective tissue

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4
Q

What is the ECM of blood?

A

plasma

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5
Q

fluid matrix of blood, makes up 48-63% of the volume

A

plasma

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6
Q

What are the 3 different types of plasma proteins?

A

albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

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7
Q

Which plasma protein constitutes for about 60% of the plasma in proteins and is a major contributor to osmotic pressure of plasma?

A

albumins

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8
Q

Account for approx. 35% of the proteins in plasma. Include antibodies and transport________.

A

Globulins

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9
Q

Antibodies are also called

A

immunoglobulins

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10
Q

Bind small ions, hormones, and other compounds

A

transport globulins

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11
Q

Functions in clotting, and normally accounts for roughly 4% of plasma proteins

A

fibrinogen

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12
Q

Used fro ATP production, growth, and cell maintenance

A

Organic nutrients

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13
Q

Small, membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important for clotting

A

platelets

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14
Q

play a role in the body’s defense mechanisms. also called leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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15
Q

the most abundant blood cells, essential for the transport of oxygen in the blood. also called erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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16
Q

Oncotic pressure=

A

colloid osmotic pressure

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17
Q

colloid osmotic pressure =

A

osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins

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18
Q

If plasma proteins are reduced, then there will be

A

a decrease in oncotic pressure and an increase in edema(fluid in tissue)

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19
Q

serum=?

A

plasma-clotting proteins

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20
Q

Engulf pathogens or debris in tissues, release cytotoxic enzymes and chemical

A

neutrophils

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21
Q

engulf antibody-labeled materials, release cytotoxic enzymes, reduce inflammation; increase in allergic and parasitic situations

A

eosinophils

22
Q

enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation

A

basophils

23
Q

enter tissues to become macrophages; engulf pathogens or debris

A

monocytes

24
Q

cells of lymphatic system, providing defense against specific pathogens or toxins

A

lymphocytes

25
Q

the process of blood cell formation

A

hemopoiesis

26
Q

What percent of plasma of is water?

A

99%

27
Q

The formed elements of the blood include

A

WBC, RBCs, and platelets

28
Q

Blood temperature is approx. _________________, and blood pH averages ________.

A

38C, 7.4

29
Q

Plasma contributes approx. _____________percent of the volume of whole blood, and water accounts for ________ percent of the plasma volume

A

55, 92

30
Q

Serum is?

A

plasma minus fibrinogen

31
Q

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of?

A

four protein chains and four heme groups

32
Q

The following is a list of the phases involved in the process of hemostasis. What is the correct sequence of the phases?

(1) coagulation
(2) fibrinolysis
(3) vascular spasm
(4) retraction
(5) platelet phase

A

3,5,1,4,2

33
Q

Stem cells responsible for lymphopoiesis are located in?

A

the thymus and spleen, the lymph nodes, and the red bone marrow

34
Q

_____________ and _________ affect almost every aspect of the clotting process.

A

calcium and vitamin k

35
Q

maintains osmotic pressure of plasma and are important in the transport of fatty acids

A

albumin

36
Q

bind small ions, hormones, or compounds that might might otherwise be filtered out of the blood at the kidneys or have very low solubility. attack foreign proteins and pathogens

A

globulins

37
Q

Which type of antibodies does plasma contain for each of the following blood types? (a) type A, (b) type b, (c)type AB, (d) type O

A

(a) anti-B antibodies
(b) anti-A antibodies
(c) neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
(d) bother anti-A and anti-B antibodies

38
Q

What four characteristics of WBCs are important to their response to tissue invasion or injury?

A
  • emigration (diapedesis)
  • amoeboid movement
  • positive chemotaxis
  • phagocytosis
39
Q

What kinds of WBCs contribute to the body’s nonspecific defenses?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes function in nonspecific defenses

40
Q

Name three types of lympocytes

A

(1) T cells
(2) B cells
(3) NK cells

41
Q

responsible for cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells

42
Q

responsible for humoral immunity

A

B cells

43
Q

responsible for immune surveillance

A

NK cells

44
Q

An inactive precursor that is converted to thrombin during coagulation

A

prothrombin

45
Q

an enzyme that causes the clotting of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

46
Q

What four conditions cause the release of erythropoietin??

A

(1) during anemia
(2) when blood flow to the kidneys declines
(3) when oxygen content of the air in the lungs declines
(4) when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged

47
Q

what contribution from the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways is necessary for the common pathway to begin?

A

Initiation of the common pathway requires the activation of Factor X by the extrinsic and/or intrinsic pathways

48
Q

Dehydration would?

A

cause an increase in the hematocrit

49
Q

Erythropoietin directly stimulates RBC formation by?

A
  • increasing rates of mitotic divisions in erythroblasts
  • speed up the maturation of RBCs
  • accelerate the rate of hemoglobin synthesis
50
Q

The waste product bilirubin is formed from?

A

heme

51
Q

A difference between the A, B, and O blood types and the Rh factor is?

A

individuals who are Rh- do not carry agglutinins to Rh factor unless they have plasma

52
Q

Why is aspirin sometimes prescribed for the prevention of vascular problems?

A

inhibits clotting

BIO 222 (9 decks)

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