Hematology (Blood) Flashcards
A specialized fluid connective tissue that contains cell suspended in a fluid matrix
blood
What are the functions of blood?
- transport dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
- regulating the pH and Ion composition of interstitial fluids
- restricting fluid losses at injury site
- defending against toxins and pathogens
- stabilizing body temp
Which of the 4 major tissue types is blood?
connective tissue
What is the ECM of blood?
plasma
fluid matrix of blood, makes up 48-63% of the volume
plasma
What are the 3 different types of plasma proteins?
albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
Which plasma protein constitutes for about 60% of the plasma in proteins and is a major contributor to osmotic pressure of plasma?
albumins
Account for approx. 35% of the proteins in plasma. Include antibodies and transport________.
Globulins
Antibodies are also called
immunoglobulins
Bind small ions, hormones, and other compounds
transport globulins
Functions in clotting, and normally accounts for roughly 4% of plasma proteins
fibrinogen
Used fro ATP production, growth, and cell maintenance
Organic nutrients
Small, membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important for clotting
platelets
play a role in the body’s defense mechanisms. also called leukocytes
white blood cells
the most abundant blood cells, essential for the transport of oxygen in the blood. also called erythrocytes
red blood cells
Oncotic pressure=
colloid osmotic pressure
colloid osmotic pressure =
osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins
If plasma proteins are reduced, then there will be
a decrease in oncotic pressure and an increase in edema(fluid in tissue)
serum=?
plasma-clotting proteins
Engulf pathogens or debris in tissues, release cytotoxic enzymes and chemical
neutrophils
engulf antibody-labeled materials, release cytotoxic enzymes, reduce inflammation; increase in allergic and parasitic situations
eosinophils
enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation
basophils
enter tissues to become macrophages; engulf pathogens or debris
monocytes
cells of lymphatic system, providing defense against specific pathogens or toxins
lymphocytes
the process of blood cell formation
hemopoiesis
What percent of plasma of is water?
99%
The formed elements of the blood include
WBC, RBCs, and platelets
Blood temperature is approx. _________________, and blood pH averages ________.
38C, 7.4
Plasma contributes approx. _____________percent of the volume of whole blood, and water accounts for ________ percent of the plasma volume
55, 92
Serum is?
plasma minus fibrinogen
A hemoglobin molecule is composed of?
four protein chains and four heme groups
The following is a list of the phases involved in the process of hemostasis. What is the correct sequence of the phases?
(1) coagulation
(2) fibrinolysis
(3) vascular spasm
(4) retraction
(5) platelet phase
3,5,1,4,2
Stem cells responsible for lymphopoiesis are located in?
the thymus and spleen, the lymph nodes, and the red bone marrow
_____________ and _________ affect almost every aspect of the clotting process.
calcium and vitamin k
maintains osmotic pressure of plasma and are important in the transport of fatty acids
albumin
bind small ions, hormones, or compounds that might might otherwise be filtered out of the blood at the kidneys or have very low solubility. attack foreign proteins and pathogens
globulins
Which type of antibodies does plasma contain for each of the following blood types? (a) type A, (b) type b, (c)type AB, (d) type O
(a) anti-B antibodies
(b) anti-A antibodies
(c) neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
(d) bother anti-A and anti-B antibodies
What four characteristics of WBCs are important to their response to tissue invasion or injury?
- emigration (diapedesis)
- amoeboid movement
- positive chemotaxis
- phagocytosis
What kinds of WBCs contribute to the body’s nonspecific defenses?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes function in nonspecific defenses
Name three types of lympocytes
(1) T cells
(2) B cells
(3) NK cells
responsible for cell-mediated immunity
T cells
responsible for humoral immunity
B cells
responsible for immune surveillance
NK cells
An inactive precursor that is converted to thrombin during coagulation
prothrombin
an enzyme that causes the clotting of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
What four conditions cause the release of erythropoietin??
(1) during anemia
(2) when blood flow to the kidneys declines
(3) when oxygen content of the air in the lungs declines
(4) when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged
what contribution from the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways is necessary for the common pathway to begin?
Initiation of the common pathway requires the activation of Factor X by the extrinsic and/or intrinsic pathways
Dehydration would?
cause an increase in the hematocrit
Erythropoietin directly stimulates RBC formation by?
- increasing rates of mitotic divisions in erythroblasts
- speed up the maturation of RBCs
- accelerate the rate of hemoglobin synthesis
The waste product bilirubin is formed from?
heme
A difference between the A, B, and O blood types and the Rh factor is?
individuals who are Rh- do not carry agglutinins to Rh factor unless they have plasma
Why is aspirin sometimes prescribed for the prevention of vascular problems?
inhibits clotting