Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards
carry blood away from the heart
arteries
the smallest arterial branches
arterioles
What are the three distinct layers of the wall of the arteries and veins
- tunica interna
- tunica media
- tunica externa
the inner layer of a blood vessel
tunica interna
in arteries, the outer margin of the tunica intima contains a thick layer of elastic fibers
internal elastic membrane
the middle layer of the blood vessel, that contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue in a framework of loose connective tissue
tunica media
thickest layer in a small artery
tunica media
outer layer of a blood vessel, it is a connective tissue sheath
tunica externa
aorta 100 mmHg to arteriole 35 mmHg
blood pressure (arterial pressure)
arterial end (35 mmHg) to venous edn (18mmHg)
capillary pressure
18 mmHg to - 0 at right atrium
venous pressure
highest pressure during ventricular contraction (90-119)
systolic pressure
chronic high blood pressure, >140/90
hypertension
chronic low blood pressure,
hypotension
lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation (60-79)
diastolic pressure
when two blood vessels merge
anastomoses
2 differences between veins and arteries?
Veins have low pressure and thin wall. Arteries have high pressure and thick walls.
Vessels supplying wall of the arteries and veins
vasa vasorum
Do arteries and veins both have valves?
No only veins
What three classes of lymphocytes circulate in blood?
T cells, B cells and NK cells
Does not distinguish one type of threat from another, their response is the same regardless of the invader
innate (nonspecific) immunity
Examples of innate defenses.
physical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammation, and fever
protects against particular threats, not present at birth
adaptive (specific) immunity
defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells
cell-mediated immunity
defends against antigens and pathogens in body fluid
humoral immunity
normally begins to develop after birth, it continues to build as you encounter “new” pathogens or other antigens
naturally acquired active immunity
stimulates the body to produce antibodies under controlled conditions so that you will be able to overcome natural exposure to the pathogen in the future
artificially induced active immunity
a baby receives antibodies from the mother, either during gestation or in early infancy
naturally acquired passive immunity
a person receives antibodies to fight infection or prevent disease
artificially induced passive immunity
Stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to?
lymphocyte precursors
Some lymphocyte precursors are processed by the thymus to become?
T cells
Some lymphocyte precursors are processed with bone marrow to become?
B cells
Both T cells and B cells are transported through the blood to?
lymphatic organs, such as lymph nodes, lymphatic ducts, and spleen
Active-antigen exposure is?
long term
passive-antibodies transfer is?
short term
Example of artificial passive.
injections
Example of artificial active
vaccine
Messengers from immune cells associated with inflammation
cytokines
deadly flu viruses activate T cells to
overproduce cytokines
Antibodies account for 80% of all antibodies. Responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins. Only type that crosses placental barriers
IgG antibodies
attaches as an individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of basophils and mast cells. i.e. allergy
IgE antibodies
an individual molecule on the surfaces of B cells, where it can bind antigens in the extracellular fluid.
IgD antibodies
The first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered. Concentration declines as IgG production accelerates. The anti-A and anti-B antibodies responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood types.
IgM antibodies
Found primarily in glandular secretions such as mucus, tears, saliva, and semen. These antibodies attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues.
IgA antibodies
The anti-Rh antibodies produced by Rh-negative mothers produce?
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Antigens there won’t elicit an immune response. Protect organs from damage due to inflammatory immune response
immunoprivileged sites
-Big
-Elastic fibers
_expand and recoil with pulsatile flow
conducting (elastic) arteries
-medium
-smooth muscle
-radius change
(laminar flow, pressure more constant)
e.g. brachial artery, femoral artery
Distributing (muscular) arteries
“resistance vessels”
- small, smooth muscle
- determine flow through capillaries
arterioles
“hardening” of artery walls with age elastic fibers stiffen, limit expansion
arteroscerosis
bulge/break in artery
aneurysm
a small blood vessel, located between an arteriole and a venule, who thin walls permits the diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes between plasma and interstitial fluids
capillary
regulate flow to capillary, controlled by local chemicals and dissolved gases
precapillary sphincters
3 types of capillaries
Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid/Discontinuous
supply most regions in the body. the endothelium is a complete lining. permit water, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials to diffuse into the interstitial fluid
continuous capillaries
contains windows, or pores, that penetrate the endothelial lining. the pores allow rapid exchange of water and solutes between blood and interstitial fluid. where blood need to absorb substances
fenestrated capillaries
few tights junctions, large gaps. permit the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins between blood and interstitial fluid.
sinusoid
volume regulators
veins
volume reservoir
-stretchy, compliant, regulate via smooth musclw
large capcitance
Venous return is affected by?
Muscle contraction of limbs
sympathetic stimulation
gravity
respiratory pump(thoracic pump)
