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BIO 222 > Blood Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

Blood Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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2
Q

the smallest arterial branches

A

arterioles

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3
Q

What are the three distinct layers of the wall of the arteries and veins

A
  • tunica interna
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
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4
Q

the inner layer of a blood vessel

A

tunica interna

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5
Q

in arteries, the outer margin of the tunica intima contains a thick layer of elastic fibers

A

internal elastic membrane

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6
Q

the middle layer of the blood vessel, that contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue in a framework of loose connective tissue

A

tunica media

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7
Q

thickest layer in a small artery

A

tunica media

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8
Q

outer layer of a blood vessel, it is a connective tissue sheath

A

tunica externa

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9
Q

aorta 100 mmHg to arteriole 35 mmHg

A

blood pressure (arterial pressure)

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10
Q

arterial end (35 mmHg) to venous edn (18mmHg)

A

capillary pressure

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11
Q

18 mmHg to - 0 at right atrium

A

venous pressure

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12
Q

highest pressure during ventricular contraction (90-119)

A

systolic pressure

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13
Q

chronic high blood pressure, >140/90

A

hypertension

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14
Q

chronic low blood pressure,

A

hypotension

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15
Q

lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation (60-79)

A

diastolic pressure

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16
Q

when two blood vessels merge

A

anastomoses

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17
Q

2 differences between veins and arteries?

A

Veins have low pressure and thin wall. Arteries have high pressure and thick walls.

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18
Q

Vessels supplying wall of the arteries and veins

A

vasa vasorum

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19
Q

Do arteries and veins both have valves?

A

No only veins

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20
Q

What three classes of lymphocytes circulate in blood?

A

T cells, B cells and NK cells

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21
Q

Does not distinguish one type of threat from another, their response is the same regardless of the invader

A

innate (nonspecific) immunity

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22
Q

Examples of innate defenses.

A

physical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammation, and fever

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23
Q

protects against particular threats, not present at birth

A

adaptive (specific) immunity

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24
Q

defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells

A

cell-mediated immunity

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25
Q

defends against antigens and pathogens in body fluid

A

humoral immunity

26
Q

normally begins to develop after birth, it continues to build as you encounter “new” pathogens or other antigens

A

naturally acquired active immunity

27
Q

stimulates the body to produce antibodies under controlled conditions so that you will be able to overcome natural exposure to the pathogen in the future

A

artificially induced active immunity

28
Q

a baby receives antibodies from the mother, either during gestation or in early infancy

A

naturally acquired passive immunity

29
Q

a person receives antibodies to fight infection or prevent disease

A

artificially induced passive immunity

30
Q

Stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to?

A

lymphocyte precursors

31
Q

Some lymphocyte precursors are processed by the thymus to become?

A

T cells

32
Q

Some lymphocyte precursors are processed with bone marrow to become?

A

B cells

33
Q

Both T cells and B cells are transported through the blood to?

A

lymphatic organs, such as lymph nodes, lymphatic ducts, and spleen

34
Q

Active-antigen exposure is?

A

long term

35
Q

passive-antibodies transfer is?

A

short term

36
Q

Example of artificial passive.

A

injections

37
Q

Example of artificial active

A

vaccine

38
Q

Messengers from immune cells associated with inflammation

A

cytokines

39
Q

deadly flu viruses activate T cells to

A

overproduce cytokines

40
Q

Antibodies account for 80% of all antibodies. Responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins. Only type that crosses placental barriers

A

IgG antibodies

41
Q

attaches as an individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of basophils and mast cells. i.e. allergy

A

IgE antibodies

42
Q

an individual molecule on the surfaces of B cells, where it can bind antigens in the extracellular fluid.

A

IgD antibodies

43
Q

The first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered. Concentration declines as IgG production accelerates. The anti-A and anti-B antibodies responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood types.

A

IgM antibodies

44
Q

Found primarily in glandular secretions such as mucus, tears, saliva, and semen. These antibodies attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues.

A

IgA antibodies

45
Q

The anti-Rh antibodies produced by Rh-negative mothers produce?

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn

46
Q

Antigens there won’t elicit an immune response. Protect organs from damage due to inflammatory immune response

A

immunoprivileged sites

47
Q

-Big
-Elastic fibers
_expand and recoil with pulsatile flow

A

conducting (elastic) arteries

48
Q

-medium
-smooth muscle
-radius change
(laminar flow, pressure more constant)
e.g. brachial artery, femoral artery

A

Distributing (muscular) arteries

49
Q

“resistance vessels”

  • small, smooth muscle
  • determine flow through capillaries
A

arterioles

50
Q

“hardening” of artery walls with age elastic fibers stiffen, limit expansion

A

arteroscerosis

51
Q

bulge/break in artery

A

aneurysm

52
Q

a small blood vessel, located between an arteriole and a venule, who thin walls permits the diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes between plasma and interstitial fluids

A

capillary

53
Q

regulate flow to capillary, controlled by local chemicals and dissolved gases

A

precapillary sphincters

54
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid/Discontinuous

55
Q

supply most regions in the body. the endothelium is a complete lining. permit water, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials to diffuse into the interstitial fluid

A

continuous capillaries

56
Q

contains windows, or pores, that penetrate the endothelial lining. the pores allow rapid exchange of water and solutes between blood and interstitial fluid. where blood need to absorb substances

A

fenestrated capillaries

57
Q

few tights junctions, large gaps. permit the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins between blood and interstitial fluid.

A

sinusoid

58
Q

volume regulators

A

veins

59
Q

volume reservoir

-stretchy, compliant, regulate via smooth musclw

A

large capcitance

60
Q

Venous return is affected by?

A

Muscle contraction of limbs
sympathetic stimulation
gravity
respiratory pump(thoracic pump)

BIO 222 (9 decks)

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