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Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Normal platelet count:

A

150,000-300,000

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2
Q

Platelet count increased in:

A

Active bleeding
Post-splenectomy
Myeloproloferative diseases (slow growing blood cancers in which the bone marrow makes too many abnormal rbcs)

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3
Q

Platelet count decreased in:

A

DIC, TTP, HIT, ITP, drugs

EDTA- dependent agglutination

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4
Q

PT/INR normal:

A

11-14 s

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5
Q

What does the PT/iNR evaluate?

A

Extrinsic and common pathways

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6
Q

What is the PT/INR most sensitive to?

A

Vitamin-K dependent clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10

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7
Q

PT/INR is used to monitor:

A

Coumadin

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8
Q

What is the PT/INT elevated in?

A 
Liver disease
Coumadin therapy 
DIC
Hereditary factor deficiencies in 10, 5, 7, and 1
Massive blood transfusions
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9
Q

What is the normal PTT?

A

26-34 s

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10
Q

What does the PTT evaluate and what is it used to monitor?

A

Evaluates then intrinsic and common clotting pathways

Used to monitor heparin therapy

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11
Q

PTT is increased in:

A

Deficiency in specific coagulation factors in the intrinsic pathway except for factor 13
DIC
Nonspecific inhibitor (lupus anticoagulant)
Heparin, Coumadin, and direct thrombin inhibitors

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12
Q

Normal fibrinogen?

A

150-400 mg/dL

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13
Q

Fibrinogen increased in:

A

Inflammatory states
Pregnancy
Smoking

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14
Q

Fibrinogen decreased in:

A

Liver disease
DIC
Hereditary dysfibrinogenemia

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15
Q

D-diner normal?

A

Less than 500

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16
Q

What does the d-dimer represent?

A

Represents fibrin degradation of a blood clot after fibrinolysis.

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17
Q

D-dimer is elevated in:

A

DVT, DIC, PE, malignancy

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18
Q

WBC normal?

A

4-10000

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19
Q

RBC normal?

A

3.5-5 million/mm3

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20
Q

HGB normal:

A

12-17 grams

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21
Q

HCT normal?

A

36-52%

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22
Q

MCV normal?

A

82-94 fL

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23
Q

MCH normal?

A

27-31 ph

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24
Q

MCHC normal?

25
Q

RDW normal?

26
Q

RBCs elevated in:

A

Dehydration

Bone marrow disorders (p. Vera)

27
Q

RBCs decreased in

A

Anemia’s
Hemolysis
Hemoglobinopathies

28
Q

MCV is the:

A

Size of the WBC
Less than 80- microcytic
80-100 normocytic
Over 100- macrocytic

29
Q

What is MCH?

A

Hemoglobin content of RBC. Gives it color

30
Q

What is MCHC?

A

A measure of the average color of the RBCs.

31
Q

MCHC is decreased in:

A

Iron def anemia and thalassemia (hypochromic)

Normal in macrocytic anemia’s

32
Q

What is RDW?

A

A measure of the variability of the size of the RBCs.

Elevated in iron def anemia

33
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Variable size of RBCs

34
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

RBCs abnormal with variable shapes. Seen in severe iron deficiency anemia

35
Q

WBCs consist of what and in order of most to least:

A 
Neutrophils 55-70%
Lymphocytes 30-35%
Monocytes 1-10%
Eosinophils 2-5% 
Basophils 0-1%
36
Q

Immature WBCs increased in:

A

Trauma

Leukemias

37
Q

Immature WBCs decreased in:

A

Viral infections
Autoimmune disorders (SLE)
Bone marrow disorders (aplastic anemia)

38
Q

H/H elevated in:

A 
P. Vera 
Dehydration 
Burns 
High altitudes 
Smoking / COPD
39
Q

H/H decreased in:

A 
Anemia’s 
Bleeding 
Hemoglobinopathies 
DIC 
Other bone marrow disorders
40
Q

What is TIBC?

A

Total-iron bonding capacity- a measure of available transferrin that is left inbound to iron.

41
Q

When is TIBC elevated?

A

If there is not enough iron to transport, as seen in iron- def anemia.

When iron count is low

42
Q

Iron levels elevated in:

A

Hemochromatosis
Multiple transfusions
Lead poisoning
Hemolytic anemia

43
Q

Iron level decreased in:

A 
Iron def 
Nephrotic syndrome 
Hypothyroidism 
Anemia of chronic disease 
Chronic renal failure 
Infections
44
Q

What is HP?

A

Haptoglobin is synthesized by the liver and is a transport glycoproteins which serves as a carrier for free hemoglobin.

45
Q

When is HP decreased?

A 
In: 
Hemolytic anemias
TTP
Drugs (methyldopa)
Artificial heart valves
46
Q

MMA is elevated in?

A

B12 deficiency

47
Q

MMA is only accurate if:

A

Renal function is normal

48
Q

Vitamin B12 is decreased in:

A

Pernicious anemia
Vegans
IBS
Gastrectomy patients

49
Q

Low values of vitamin B12 indicates?

A

Macrocytic anemia

50
Q

Folic avid decreased in:

A

Malnutrition
Excessive uptake (pregnancy)
Hemolytic anemia
Acute leukemia’s

51
Q

What is direct Coombs?

A

Detects antigen-antibody complexes on the RBC. Positive in hemolytic anemia.

52
Q

Normal sodium?

53
Q

Sodium level increased in:

A

Hyperaldosteronism
Dehydration
Inadequate water intake
CKD

54
Q

Sodium decreased in:

A 
Adrenal insufficiency 
Excess free water
SIADH 
Hyperglycemia
Volume overload
Drugs (NSAIDs, diuretics, SSRIs)
55
Q

Na and hyperglycemia know:

A

Na falls 1.6 for every 100mg/dL increase of glucose over 100

Corrected sodium = measured Na + [1.6(glucose-100)/100]

56
Q

Microcytic anemia’s:

A

Iron def anemia

Thalassemia

57
Q

Iron def anemia is:

A

Microcytic and hypochromic

58
Q

Anemia of chronic kidney disease is:

A

Hypoproliferative, normocytic, normochromic

59
Q

Macrocytic anemias?

A

Vitamin B12 and folate

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