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Hematology and Oncology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: Lead poisoning

A

Basophilic Stippling

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2
Q

What pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: G6PD Deficiency

A

Degmacyte (“bite cell”)

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3
Q

What pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: Hereditary elliptocytosis

A

Elliptocyte

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4
Q

What pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: Megaloblastic anemia (hypersegmented PMNs), marrow failure.

A

Macro-ovalocyte

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5
Q

What pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: Sideroblastic anemia. Excess iron in mitochondria=pathologic

A

Ringed sideroblast

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6
Q

What cell type/shape is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias, DIC, TTP/HUS, HELLP syndrome, mechanical hemolysis (e.g. heart valve prosthesis). —> fragmented RBCs

A

Schistocyte (“helmut cell”)

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7
Q

What pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: Sickling of cells can occur during times of dehydration, deoxygenation, and at high altitude.

A

Sickle cell

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8
Q

What cell type and pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: small spherical cells without central pallor, drug-and infection-induced hemolytic anemia.

A

Spherocytes + Hereditary Spherocytosis

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9
Q

What pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: Bone marrow infiltration (e.g., myelofibrosis). RBC “sheds a tear” because it’s mechanically squeezed out of its home in the bone marrow.

A

Dacrocyte (“teardrop cell”)

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10
Q

What pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: HbC disease, Asplenia, Liver disease, Thalassemia.

A

Target cell (RBC looks like Target sign).

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11
Q

What cell type is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: Seen in G6PD deficiency; ______ inclusions seen in alpha-thalassemia. –> Oxidation of Hb-SH groups to S-S- –> Hb Precipitation, with subsequent phagocytic damage to RBC membrane –> ____ cells caused by spleen.

A

Heinz Bodies and

Bite cells

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12
Q

What pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: Basophilic nuclear remnants found in RBCs. Seen in Px with functional hyposplenia or Asplenia.

A

Howell-Jolly bodies - They are normally removed from RBCs by splenic macrophages.

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13
Q

Coagulation Disorders: What is the function of a PT test? Which coagulation factors does it involve?

A

Involves factors I, II, V, VII, and X.

–> A defect would increase PT (because clotting cannot occur).

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14
Q

Coagulation disorders: PTT is a function to test what? What clotting factors does it involve?

A

PTT tests function of common and intrinsic pathway (all factors except VII and XIII). A defect would lead to increased PTT (blood is unable to clot).

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15
Q

Hereditary syndromes leading to hypercoagulability: Inherited deficiency of antithrombin: has o direct effect on the PT, PTT, or thrombin time but diminishes the increase in PTT following heparin administration. Can also be acquired: renal failure/nephrotic syndrome –> antithrombin loss in urine –> decrease inhibition of factors IIa and Xa.

A

Antithrombin deficiency

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16
Q

These cells are distinctive tumor giant cells seen in Hodgkin disease; binucleate or bilobed with the 2 halves as mirror images (owl eyes). RS cells are CD15+ and CD30+ B-cell origin. Lymphocyte-rich form has best prognosis. Lymphocyte mixed or depleted forms have worse prognosis.

A

Reed-Sternberg cell

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17
Q

What pathology is associated with this pathologic RBC disease: Liver disease, abetalipoproteinemia (states of cholesterol dysregulation).

A

Acanthocyte (“spur cell”)

18
Q

Associated Translocations: 8;14

A

Burkitt Lymphoma

19
Q

Associated Translocations: t(15;17)

A

M3 type of AML

Treatment is with all Trans-Retinoic Acid

20
Q

Associated Translocations: t(8;21)

A

AML

21
Q

What condition is associated with a defect in the following enzyme: Uroporphyrinogen decatboxylase

A

Porphyria cutanea tarda–> looks like homeless man!

Blisters with photosensitivity, etc.

22
Q

What condition is associated with a defect in the following enzyme: porphobilinogen deaminase aka: uroporphyrinogen-1-synthase

A

Acute intermittent porphyria

5Ps: painful abdomen
Port-wine colored urine
Polyneuropathy 
Psychological disturbances 
Precipitated by drugs: cytochrome P-450 inducers, alcohol, rifampin, metoclopramide, and starvation.
23
Q

What is the most common type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in adults and the US? What is the associated translocation?

A

Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

t(14;18)

24
Q

What is the associated translocation in Mantle Cell Lymphoma? What portion of the population is it more associated with?

A

T(11;14) - older males CD5+

25
Q

What type of neoplasm is associated with long term celiac disease?

A

Adult T-Cell Lymphoma caused by HTLV (IV drug abuse) –> lyric bone lesions, hypercalcemia

26
Q

What disease is at hand: adenosine deaminase deficiency?

A

SCID - severe combined immunodeficiency disorder

27
Q

What disease is at hand: Neutrophils fail to respond to chemotactic stimuli?

A

Could be either:
Job Syndrome (hyper IgE syndrome)
OR
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome

28
Q

What is a Kupffer cell?

A

It is a Macrophage that is found in the liver.

29
Q

What is a histiocyte?

A

It is a Macrophage that is found in Connective Tissue.

30
Q

What is a Langerhans cell?

A

It is a Macrophage that is found in the Skin!

31
Q

What is a microglial cell?

A

It is a Macrophage that is found in the Brain

32
Q

What is an osteoclast and what does it do?

A

Basically a macrophage that is found in bone! It also absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

33
Q

What are some causes of Eosinophilia (PACCMAN)?

A 
Parasites
Asthma
Churg-Strauss Syndrome 
Chronic adrenal insufficiency 
Myeloproliferative disorders
Allergic Process
Neoplasia (eg Hodgkin Lymphoma)
34
Q

What is the MOA of Warfarin?

A

Inhibits epoxide reductase —> responsible for recycling Vitamin K

Vit K is needed for creating Vit k dependent clotting factors.

35
Q

What drug is used to reverse the effects of Heparin?

A

Protamine sulfate

36
Q

What is the rescue drug for Warfarin overdose?

A

Vitamin K or Fresh frozen plasma

37
Q

What are the three most common Thrombolytic drugs? What is the MOA of these drugs?

A

Streptokinase
Urokinase
tPA (alteplase)
RESCUE: Aminocaproic Acid
They activate plasmin —> plasmin degrades fibrin (clot)
C/I in Px with active bleeding, Hx of intracranial bleeding, severe hypertension, recent surgery, or an unknown bleeding disorder.

38
Q

What are the 3 main functions of Bradykinin?

A
  • Vasodilator
  • Increases vascular permeability
  • Mediator of pain
39
Q

What kind of RBCs are seen in asplenic patients??

A
  • Howell-Jolly bodies

- Target Cells

40
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme for heme synthesis?

A

Aminolevulinic acid synthase

Made from Glycine and succinyl-CoA —> and make aminolevulinic acid with the help of Vit. B6

41
Q

48 y/o male presents with blistering of the skin from photosensitivity, tea colored urine, hypertrichosis, facial pigmentation, has HEP C, elevated LFTs, and is an alcoholic. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Porphyria cutánea tarda

42
Q

What is the pathology at hand: Dysplasia of the hematopoietic cells in the myeloid tissue and disordered hematopoiesis. On peripheral blood smear, neutrophils have nuclei with 2 loves that are connected by a thin strand (like poncinot glasses worn by Rosevelt). What is this finding called as well.

A

Myelodysplastic Syndrome

(Pre-leukemia) and the blood smear shows “Pelger-Huet Anomaly”

Hematology and Oncology (8 decks)

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