Hematologie Flashcards
where is erythrocyte produced?
bone marrow (after the fetus is 7 months old)
where is granulocyte produced?
bone marrow
where is lymphocyte produced?
lymphoid tissu
where is platelets produced?
bone marrow
what is the function of erythrocyte?
transport oxygen
what is the function of granulocyte?
defense againts the bacterial infection
what is the function of lymphocyte?
cellular et humoral immunity
what is the function of platelet?
coagulation
what are the 3 types of lymphocyte?
T-lymp, B-lymp, NK cell
All hematopoietic cell start from what
Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and then become multipopential progenitor cell (MPP)
Which cells fall under common myeloid progenitor?
granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte
which cells fall under common lymphoide progenitor?
t-lymph, b-lymph and NK cell
Name all of the embryonic hgb
Gower I, gower II and portland
1-2 months of gestation (fetus) where is the erythropoiesis is form (RBC + Hgb)
yolk sac (sac vitellin) and aorta-gonads-meonephros
3-6 months of gestation (fetus) where is the erythropoiesis is form (RBC + Hgb)
foie et rate
Changes during cell maturation
- size
- N:C ration
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- size : becomes smaller
- N:C ration : becomes smaller
- cytoplasm : less basophilic due to loss of RNA, granulocyte produces granules and erythrocyte becomes red because of hgb production
- nucleus : becomes smaller, chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear.
What stain we use for to see reticulum in reticulocyte?
supravital stain
cause of megaloblastic?
defiency in vitamin B12 or folic acide
type of megaloblastic anemia
pernicious anemia
what causes pernicious anemia
defiency vitamine B12
Characteristics of megaloblastic
RBC are oval macrocyte
Characteristics of iron deficiency anemia
RBC are micro and hypo
cause of iron deficiency anemia
inadequate iron for hgb synthesis
Hgb A molecular structure
a2b2
Hgb A2 molecular structure
a2e2
Hgb F molecular structure
a2g2
Hgb S molecular structure
valine substituted for glutamic acid in the 6th position of b chain (glutamic becomes valine)
Hgb C molecular structure
lysine substituted for glutamic acid in the 6th position of b chain (glutamic becomes lysine)
Which hgb is most common in aldults, second most common and third?
- Hgb A
- Hgb A2
- Hgb F
Which hgb is most common in newborns, second most common and third?
- Hgb F
- Hgb A
- Hgb A2
Hgb Electrophoresis pH 8.6: which hgb migrates the fastest? (most towards the anode +)
- Hgb A
- Hgb F
- Hgb S
- Hgb A2 and C
cathode- A2/C—-S——F—-A anode+
Which disorders has anormal hgb?
Sickles cell anemia (anémie falciforme), Thalassemia et Hgb C
Hgb in alpha thalassemia
Bart’s hgb or H (barts - most severe form a Th.)
Hgb Electrophoresis pH 6.2: abnormal conditions which hgb migrates the fastest? (most towards the anode)
- Hgb C
- Hgb S
- Hgb A and A2
- Hgb F
cathode- F—-A—–S—-C anode+
Cause of methemoglobin
the iron in the heme group is in the Fe3+ (ferric) state
(normal Hgb = Fe2+ (ferrous))
Cause of sulfhemoglobin
sulfur bound to heme
Cause of carboxyhemoglobin
carbon monoxide is bound to heme
Negative affect of methemoglobin
can’t bind O2, cyanosis, can be fatal, blue skin
Negative affect of sulfhemoglobin
lower affinity of O2, cyanosis
Negative affect of carboxyhemoglobin
diminution of O2 in tissu, can be fatal
Which hgb can not be detected in the cyanmethemoglobin method?
sulfhemoglobin
Which body inclusion is found in methemoglobin?
Heinz bodies
What condition does your skin turn cherry red?
carboxyhemoglobin
what is anisocytosis?
variation in size of RBC
what is macrocyte?
RBC are bigger then 9um
what is microcyte?
RBC are smaller then 6um
what is poikilocytosis?
variation in shape (couple morphology)
what is elliptocyte/ovalocyte?
oval or cigar shape
what is crenated?
round cell with knobby, uniform projections
what is burr cells (echinocyte)?
evenly spaced blunt or pointed projections
what is spur cells (acanthocyte)?
irreguliar blunt or pointed projections
what is shistocyte?
RBC fragments
what is sickle cells (depranocyte)?
Crescent, S or C shaped
what is hgb C crystals?
Blunt, 6 sided, dark staining
what is hgb SC crystals?
glove-like intracellular crystals
what is teardrop (dacryocyte)?
teardrop shaped
what is target cell(codocyte)?
bull’s eye
what is stomatocyte?
RBC with slit-like central pallor
what is spherocyte?
small, dark-staining RBC
what is rouleaux?
stack like coins
what is agglutination?
irregular clumps
what is basophilic stippling?
RNA aggregation (ribosome)
what is howell-jolly?
DNA nuclear remnants
what is cabot ring?
remnant of microtubules or fragment of nuclear membrane
what is pappenheimer?
iron particules
what is siderotic?
aggregations of iron particles
what is reticulocyte?
RNA residual (ribosome)
what is heinz?
denatured hgb
Which disorders we see macrocyte?
megaloblastic, liver disease and reticulocytosis
Which disorders we see microcyte?
iron defiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic infection
Which disorders we see elliptocyte/ovalocyte?
many anemias, hereditary ovalocytosis, (membrane defect)
Which disorders we see echynocyte?
pyruvate kinase deficiency, could be seen in normal individuals
Which disorders we see acanthocyte?
severe liver disease or abetalipoproteinemia
Which disorders we see schistocyte?
hemolytic anemia
Which disorders we see sickle cells?
sickles cell anemia
Which disorders we see hgb C crystals?
hgb C disease
Which disorders we see hgb SC crystals?
hgb SC disease
Which disorders we see teardrop?
myelofibrosis, thalassemia and other anemia
Which disorders we see target cell?
hemoglobinopâthie, thalassemia and liver disease
Which disorders we see stomatocyte?
hereditary stomatocytosis, hereditary spherocytosis, thalassemia and cirrhosis
Which disorders we see spherocyte?
hereditary spherocytosis, autoantibodies, burns, hemoglobinophatie and hemolysis
Which disorders we see rouleaux?
abnormal serum protein. seen in multiple myeloma and macroglobulinemia
Which disorders we see agglutination?
autoantibodies, cold agglutination
Which inclusion are stain with wrigth’s?
- Reticulum
- Howell-jolly
- Pappenheimer
- Siderotic
- Heinz
- Reticulum: cell appears polychrome
- Howell-jolly: yes
- Pappenheimer: yes
- Siderotic: yes but called pappenheimer
- Heinz: no
Which inclusion are stain with new methylene bleu?
- Reticulum
- Howell-jolly
- Pappenheimer
- Siderotic
- Heinz
all
Which inclusion are stain with prussian bleu?
- Reticulum
- Howell-jolly
- Pappenheimer
- Siderotic
- Heinz
- Reticulum: no
- Howell-jolly: no
- Pappenheimer: yes
- Siderotic: yes
- Heinz: no
VGM formula
Hct / RBC = average volume RBC
TGMH formula
Hgb / RBC = average weight of hgb in each RBC
CGMH formula
Hgb / Hct = average concentration hgb per L RBC
which erythrocyte indices is use for classify anemias?
VGM
When should a prewarm is done?
CGMH over 360 g/L
Difference between hemoglobinopathy and thalassemia?
- hemoglobinopathy: qualitative abnormaly, abnormaly in globin chain, not in amount of globin produced
- thalassemia: quantative abnormaly, normal globin chains, but underproduction of globin chains
In coagulation we should run the controles every?
8 hours
How long do we have to do the following test
- PT
- PTT
- heparin
- PT : 24h
- PTT: 4h
- heparin: 1h
What is the blood to anticoagulation ratio in sodium citrate tube
9:1
If the blood to coagulation ratio can not be achieved, what can we do?
calculate the amount of anticoagulation we need
volume anticoagulation=(1.85 x 10-^3)(100-hct) x volume total du tube
quel % hct pour reduire le montant anticoagulant?
55%
What action does coumadin(warfarin) have?
vitamin K antagonist
What action does heparin have?
inhibition of thrombin
between PT and PTT which one is affected by coumadin?
PT
between PT and PTT which one is affected by heparin?
PTT
what cause Hgb C trait?
inheritance of gene for Hgb C from 1 parent (non trait = receive gene frrom both parents)
what cause Hgb SC trait?
inheritance of 1 sickle cell gene and 1 hgb C gene
what cause hereditary spherocytosis trait?
defect of cell membrane
what cause autoimmune hemolytic anemia trait?
autoantibodies
what is positif in the solubility test?
Sickle cell anemia and SC disease
Hereditary spherocytosis
- CGMH usually
- Osmotic fragility
- CGMH usually : over 360 g/L
- Osmotic fragility : high (more fragile)
how to differenciate megaloblastic and nonmegaloblastic anemia?
megaloblastic has hypersegmentation and oval macrocyte
nonmegalo : does not have hyperseg and has round macrocyte
name normochrotic anemia
Sickle cell, hgb c, hereditary spherocytosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia
name microcytic anemia
iron deficiency, siderolastic, thalassemia, chronic inflammation
Cause of sideroblastic anemia?
enzymatic defect in heme synthesis
difference between major and minor b-thalassemia
major: homozygous, severe anemia, has aniso and poik
minor : heterozygous, mild anemia
cause of b thalassemia
decreased production in beta chains
Which micro/hypo anemia has a high level hgb A2?
b-thalassemie
Iron defiency anemia
- serum iron
- TIBC
- serum ferritin
- serum iron: low
- TIBC : high
- serum ferritin : low
Which micro/hypo anemia has a low level TIBC?
anemia of chronic inflammation
Which micro/hypo anemia has a high level RBC?
b-thalassemia
sideroblastic anemia
- serum iron
- TIBC
- serum ferritin
- serum iron : high
- TIBC : normal
- serum ferritin : high
Difference between acute blood loss and chronic blood loss
acute blood loss: normo/normo, low WBC
chronic blood loss: micro/hypo, normal WBC, hgb and hct low, iron low
Order of maturation granulocyte (youngest to oldest)
- myeloblast
- promyelocyte
- myelocyt
- metamyelocyte
- band
- segmented neutrophil
differience between myeloblast and promyelocyte
promyelocyte has specific granules
differience between myeloblast and myelocyte
myeloblast has nucleoli
differience between myelocyte and metamyelocyte
metamyelocyte has a indent in the nucleas (bean shaped)
What color is the cytoplasm of a lymphocyte
blue sky, few azurophilic granules
What color is the cytoplasm of a monocyte
gray-bleu, vacuoles or pseudopods
is there more/less oxygen in the tissu when 2.3 DPG is low
more oxygen in tissu
what does left shift mean?
presence of immature granulocyte
significance of toxic granulation
infection or inflammation
significance of dohle body
infection or burns
significance of vacuolization in neutrophile?
septicemia, drugs, toxins and radiation
significance of hypersegmentation
first sign of pernicious amenia (more then 5 lobes)
Which anomaly we fond hyposegmentartion of the neutrophile?
Pelger-Huet
significance of auer rods
only found in myeloblast (rules out CLL)
significance of variant lymph (atypical or reactive)
viral infection (ex : mononucleosis)
Causes of high basophile (basophilia)
CML or polycythemia vera
How do we detect lupus anticoagulant?
unexplained prolongation of APTT that is not corrected after addition of equal volume normal plasma (not factor deficiency)
What cause Factor V Leiden
Mutation that makes V resistant to activity of activated protéine C
what is protein S
cofacteur protéine C
what is protein C
coagulation inhibiteur, inactives FV and VIII
Which test is used to diagnosed Factor V leiden?
Russell viper venom time
What method is use for he D dimer test
ELISA, antibody vs D-dimer
What is D-dimer
fragment that results from lysis of fibrin by plasmin
what is fibrinogen?
product of action of plasmin on fibrinogen
What can cause factor deficiencies?
- liver disease
- vitamine K deficiency
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- primary fibrinolysis
- inhibitors
Why is the liver important in coagulation?
coagulation proteins are synthesized in liver
Which factors need vitamine K
II, VII, IX and X
Other name for christmas disease?
hemophilia B
which factor is deficient in hemophilia B
IX
which factor is deficient in hemophilia A
VIII
Which inherited coagulation disorder is sex linked
Hemophilia (occurs in male and mothers are carriers)
Which test is use for Von Willebrand disease?
- platelet agregation : abnormal with ristocetin
- FVIII: low
- VWF:Ag : low
In a mixing study what does it mean if the time is corrected?
factor defiency
In a mixing study what does it mean if the time is not corrected?
factor inhibitor
Except for PTT what other test we can do to monitor heparin?
anti-factor Xa assay
Is the reptilase time affected by heparin?
No
Name common factors
I, II, V, X
Name extrinsèque factors
VII
name intrinsèque factors
XIII, IX, XI, XII
What reagent is used for PT
thromboplastin phospholipid and Calcium
What reagent is used for PTT
phospholipide activator and CaCL
RNI calcul
RNI = (PT patient / normal PT)ISI
Acute vs chronique leukemia
- Acute: WBC high, normal or low, usually blast
- chronique: WBC very high, more mature cells
which leukemia is more then 20% blast?
AML
which leukemia is most common in children
AML
which leukemia has usually 5-30 WBC
AML
Which leukemia that 50% of WBC affected can be elevated, N or low
ALL
which leukemia is over 100 WBC?
CML
Which leukemia has 30-200 WBC?
CLL
Which leukemia has usually smudge cells (ombre de gumpretch)
CLL
Which is the most common type of leukemia in older adults?
CLL
The philadelphia chromosome is related with what
CML
Which leukemia is most common for people after the age of 55?
CML
Which leukemia is positive with myeloperoxidase stain
AML
Which leukemia is positive with sudan noir stain
AML
Which leukemia is positive with specific esterase stain
AML
Which leukemia is positive with periodic acid-Schiff PAS stain
ALL
Which couting-chamber is used for WBC count in CFS?
Neubauer hemacytometer
what is the purpose of a retic count
assess rate of erythropoiesis
what stain is used for retic?
methylene blue
What is the purpose of ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate?
screen for inflammation
what is the method of ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate?
whole blood added to Westergren tube and placed in vertical rack. height of RBC colum read after 1 h
what is the best way to determine Hgb S?
electrophoresis (not solubilty test)
what is the reagent in the solubilty test for hgb S?
sodium dithionite
what is the reagent in the osmotic fragility test?
NaCl
which morphology has a low osmotic fragility
target cells and sickle cells
Which antibody is Donath-landsteiner
autoanti-P
What is the purpose of the donath-landsteiner test
diagnose of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
what is a positive Donath-landsteiner test
patient = hemolysis (disolved) control = no hemolysis
What does the electrical impedance (coulter principal) used for?
cell counting and sizing
What is the optical light scattering (flow cytometry) used for?
cell counting, sizing and WBC differential
What does the X and Y axes in a histogramme mean?
x = cell size y= number of cells
how does the cytogram group the cells?
Volume and light scatter
What is a method to mesure hgb
cyanmethemoglobin
What is the formula for retic %
(retics in square A x100) / (RBS in square B x 9)
rules of three
RBC x 3 = hgb +- 0.5
HGB X 3 = HCT +- 3%
What is the corrected WBC formula?
(uncorrecte WBC x 100) / (100 + NRBC)
manual cell count formula
WBC =
(#cell counted x dilution x 10^6) /
(carré compté x profondeur(=0.1))
Name the steps in primary hemostatis
- vasoconstriction
- platelet adhesion
- platelet aggregation
Name the steps in secondary hemostatis
- interaction with coagulation factors
2. fibrin stabilized by XIII
Name the steps in fibrinolysis
- release of tissu plasminogen activator
- conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
- conversion of fibrin to fibrin degradation products
What is the Bernard-Soulier syndrome
GP Ib/IX/V unfunctional, abnormal plt adhesion to collagen
What is the Glanzmann
GP IIb/IIIa unfunctional, fibrinogen can not attach to plt surface and initiate plt aggregation
What is the Glanzmann
GP IIb/IIIa unfunctional, fibrinogen can not attach to plt surface and initiate plt aggregation
Giant plt with granules can be seen in which disorder?
Bernard-Soulier
which test can be used for Glanzmann
collagen, epinephrine, abnormal aggregation with ADP, and PFA
which test can be used for bernard-soulier
abnormal aggregation with ristocetin and PFA
which reagent is in PFA
ADP, collagen and epinephrine
which reagent is in platelet aggregation?
ADP, collagen, epinephrine and ristocetin
which anormality can the platelet aggregation test detect?
Von willebrand and bernard-soulier
Why do Von willebrand can be diagnose with platelet based tests ?
platelets dont function normally in Von willebrand disease
Other name for FI?
fibrinogen
Other name for FII?
prothrombine
Other name for FIII?
tissu factor
Other name for FIV?
calcium
Other name for FV?
labile factor
Other name for FVII?
stable factor
Other name for FVIII?
antihemophilic factor
which factor deteriorates rapidly?
FV
where is the FIII (tissu factor) released?
phospholipide released in vessel wall. not normally in blood
Other name for FIX?
Christmas
Other name for FX?
stuart
Other name for FXI?
plasma thromboplastin antecedent
Other name for FXII?
hageman
Other name for FXIII?
fibrin stabilizing
Other name for HMWK?
fitzgerald
Other name for PK?
fletcher
which factor is hemophilia C
XI
Name the factors for the contact group
PK, HMWK, XII, XI
Name the factors for the fibrinogen group
I, V, VIII, XIII
labile factors
V, VIII
which factors is not in the serum
I, II, V, VIII, XIII
Where are the factors produced ?
liver
what is the extrinsic tenase complex and acts on what?
VIIa/TF acts on X
what is the intrinsic tenase complex and acts on what?
IXa/VIIIa acts on X
what is the protrombinase complex and acts on what?
Xa/Va acts on prothrombin
what is the vitamine K required factors also called?
prothrombin group
start of extrinsic patheway : The TF from injured blood vessel all activates what?
VII
TF:VIIa activates what?
X
start of intrinsic patheway: collagen activates which factor?
XII
IIa and what else activates XI?
HMWK and PK
XIa activates what?
X
when does the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway meet in the cascade of coagulation?
when IXa:VIIIa activates X (intrinsic)
when VIIa/TF acitvates X (extrinsic)
How does the common pathway start?
Xa:Va converts prothrombine(II) to thrombin(IIa)
What dos the thrombin do in the cascade?
splits fibrinogen(I) into fibrin and activates factor XIII to stabilize clot
Which lymphocyte is produced in thymus and which in bone marrow
thymus : T-lymph (T-helper and T-suppressor)
bone marrow : B-Lymph and NK cells
function of NK cells
first line of defense againts tumor cells and cells with virus
Which lymphocyte defense against bacteria?
Lymph B
Which lymphocyte defense against virus/fungi?
lymph T
What cell releases histamine
basophile during allergic reaction