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Immunology > Helper T Cells > Flashcards

Helper T Cells Flashcards

1
Q

How do T helper cells initiate an immune response?

A

by secreting multiple cytokines, dividing, and differentiating

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2
Q

Adaptive Process

A
  1. Antigen is captured and processed
  2. antigen is presented to helper T cells together with appropriate co-stimulation
  3. helper T cell produces multiple cytokines that determine the nature of the immune response
  4. Helper T cell then acts with antigen to turn on either B cell or effector T cells and generate memory cells
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3
Q

T cell surface markers

A

TCR- alpha and beta and gamma and delta

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4
Q

What do alpha beta express?

A

CD4 or CD8

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5
Q

CD4 cells

A

T helper cells`

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6
Q

CD8

A

cytotoxic effector cells

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7
Q

Components of a T cell antigen receptor peptide chain

A
  1. a variable domain
  2. a constant domain
  3. a transmembrane domain
  4. an intracellular domain
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8
Q

Where is the antigen binding site of a T cell antigen receptor?

A

between the two variable domains

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9
Q

TCR signal transduction component

A

called CD3. Consists of multiple paired peptide chains denoted by Greek letters

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10
Q

Signals to the T cell

A

antigen dose, contact time, degree of co-stimulation

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11
Q

Conversation between antigen presenting cells and T helper cells

A
  1. antigen binding to the TCR induces CD154 expression
  2. CD154 binds to CD40 on the antigen-presenting cell
  3. CD40 induces expression of CD80 and CD86
  4. CD80 and CD86 bind first to CD28 and so activate T cells
  5. As the response progressed they bind to CD152 and turn the response off
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12
Q

What determines the polarization of T cells?

A

different cytokine mixtures produced by antigen-presenting cells

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13
Q

Paracrine Effect

A
  1. T cell activation by antigen and costimulator
  2. secretion of IL-2
  3. Expression of IL-2Ralpha chain; formation of high affinity IL-2Ralphabetagamma complex
  4. IL-2 induced T cell proliferation
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14
Q

Th1 cells

A

generated by exposure of IL-12 and IFN gamma. Release IL-2 and IFN-gamma. Mediate Type 1 responses

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15
Q

Type 1 Responses

A

CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and macrophage activation

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16
Q

Th2 Cells

A

generated by exposure to IL-4, TSLP, and IL-33. Release IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. Mediated type 2 responses

17
Q

Type 2 Responses

A

immunoglobulin production and IgE-mediated allergic responses

18
Q

Th17 Cells

A

generated by exposure to TGF-beta and IL-6 cause Th17 cell differentiation. They are further activated by IL-23 and IL-21. Produce IL-17 and IL-22. IL-17 stimulates neutrophil accumulation and the development of inflammation

19
Q

What do Th1 cells defend against?

A

intracellular pathogens

20
Q

What is Th1’s defining cytokine?

A

IFN-gamma

21
Q

What is the principal target cell of Th1?

A

macrophage activation

22
Q

What is Th1’s role in disease?

A

autoimmunity, chronic inflammation

23
Q

What are Th2’s defining cytokines?

A

IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13

24
Q

What is the principal target cell of Th2?

A

eosinophils

25
Q

What are the major immune reactions of Th2?

A

eosinophil and mast cell activation, alternative macrophage activation

26
Q

What do Th2 cells defend against?

A

helminths

27
Q

What is Th2’s role in disease?

A

allergy

28
Q

What are Th17’s defining cytokines?

A

IL-17, IL-22

29
Q

What is the principal target cell of Th17?

A

neutrophils

30
Q

What are the major immune reactions of Th17?

A

neutrophil recruitment and activation

31
Q

What does Th17 defend against?

A

extracellular bacteria and fungi

32
Q

What is Th17’s role in disease?

A

autoimmunity and inflammation

33
Q

Prevalence of delta/gamma T cells

A
  1. Humans, mice, and nonruminants- 90-99% use alpha/beta

2. calves, lambs, and piglets up to 66% use delta/gamma

34
Q

Main cytokine produced by Th1 response

A

IFN gamma

Immunology (15 decks)

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