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Immunology > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokines

A

cells of the immune system that produce hundreds of proteins that control the immune responses.- how cells communicate with each other

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2
Q

What happens when cytokines bind to receptors on target cells?

A

they affect cell behavior. They induce target cell to

  1. divide or stop dividing
  2. produce other signaling molecules or express new receptors
  3. die/commit suicide
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3
Q

Characteristics of Cytokines

A

short lived proteins
highly diverse structures and receptors
toxic in high doses
two principal producers are T helper cells and macrophages

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4
Q

Local Functional Features of Cytokines

A

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

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5
Q

Autocrine

A

bind to receptors on cell that produces them

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6
Q

Paracrine

A

may bind only to receptors in nearby cells

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7
Q

Endocrine

A

other cytokines may spread throughout the body affecting target cells in distant location

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8
Q

Interactive Functional Features of Cytokines

A

pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, antagonistic

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9
Q

Pleiotropic

A

Multiple functions

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10
Q

Redundant

A

same function

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11
Q

Synergistic

A

activate or deactivate cells

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12
Q

Antagonistic

A

inhibit effect of other cytokines

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13
Q

Cytokine Groups

A 
hematopoietic family
interleukins
interferon family
tumor necrosis factor family
growth factors
chemokine family
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14
Q

Interleukins

A

cytokines that signal between lymphocytes and other leukocytes. They are numbered sequentially in the order of their discovery

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15
Q

Interferons

A

family of cytokines produced in response to virus infection or immune stimulation. Interfere with viral RNA and protein synthesis (antiviral activity)

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16
Q

Types of Interferon

A

Type I, Type II, Type III

17
Q

Type I interferons

A

IFN-alpha and IFN beta most important. Primarily antiviral with a secondary immunoregulatory role

18
Q

Type II interferon

A

IFN-gamma. Only one identified.

19
Q

Type III Interferon

A

IFN- delta. Three have been identified.

20
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors

A

Cytokines produced by macrophages and T cells. They can kill tumor cells. TNF-alpha is a key mediator of acute inflammation

21
Q

Growth Factors

A

aka colony-stimulating factors. control cell production by regulating stem cell activities. Ensure the body is supplied with sufficient cells to defend itself.

22
Q

Chemokines

A

family of at least 50 small proteins that play a role in leukocyte chemotaxis, circulation, migration, and activation, especially in inflammation. A typical example of a chemokine is CXCL8 (aka IL-8)

23
Q

IL-8

A

stimulates leukocytes to leave blood stream to site of infection

24
Q

Signal Transduction

A

ligand binding activates a tyrosine kinase. These activate transcription factors. Gene transcription generates new proteins and affects cell behavior

25
Q

Toll-Like Receptor Signaling

A

innate immune system. Activated Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Activates the transcription factor NF-kB

26
Q

T Cell Antigen-Receptor Signaling

A

Adaptive immune system. Activates multiple transcription factors including NF-kB, NF-AT, and AP-1. Causes cell division or apoptosis and cytokine synthesis

27
Q

B Cell Antigen-Receptor Signaling

A

Adaptive immune system. Activates NF-kB and NF-AT. Triggers cell division or apoptosis and antibody synthesis

28
Q

Major Proinflammatory Cytokines

A
  1. Tumor necrosis factor alpha.
  2. Interleukin-1
  3. Interleukin-6
  4. Multiple chemokines
29
Q

TNF-alpha

A

produced by macrophages, monocytes, T cells, and mast cells.

  1. activates cells
  2. toxic effects
  3. enhances fibroblast growth, collagen synthesis, and bone resorption
  4. promotes inflammation
30
Q

IL-1

A

Produced by macrophages and many others

  1. affects metabolism
  2. affects blood flow
  3. affects cell growth
  4. affects the brain
  5. kills cells
  6. affects leukocytes
  7. promotes inflammation
31
Q

IL-6

A

Produced by macrophages, T and B cells, dendritic cells, basophils, eosinophils, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, myocytes.

  1. activates B cells
  2. enhances IgA production
  3. Causes fever
  4. acute-phase response of hepatocytes
  5. Stimulates Th2 responses
  6. Activates Th17 cells
  7. Suppresses Treg cells
  8. enhances cytotoxicity
32
Q

Chemokines

A

small proinflammatory cytokines. powerful chemoattractants for cells. The chemokine mixture generated determines the mixture of cells that converge on the site. At least 50 different chemokines and an equal variety of receptors. Interleukin-8 is the prototypical chemokine

33
Q

Regulation of Cytokine Activity

A
  1. Receptor blockage by inert ligands such as IL-1 receptor antagonist. 2.Provision of soluble decoy receptors.
  2. counteracting cytokines
34
Q

Network Transmission

A

when 2 cells come into direct contact using complementary receptors. Signals are then transmitted directly through these two receptors

35
Q

What cytokines are involved in a cytokine storm?

A

IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, TND, interferon gamma, MIP 1 alpha and 1 beta.

Immunology (15 decks)

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