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communicable disease control > Helminth Diseases (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Helminth Diseases (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

three classes of parasites that cause disease in humans

A

protozoa, helminths, ectoparasites

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2
Q

transmission of helminth diseases

A
  • food and water, vectors, direct contact
  • prevalent in tropical countries
  • developing countries => 90% have at least one worm
  • presence in U.S. is of increasing concern because of immigration, travel, HIV (physicians here are unable to recognize helminth diseases)
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3
Q

classification of Helminths

A
  • flat worms (Digenian flukes)
  • tapeworms (cestodes)
  • round worms (nematodes)
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4
Q

types of fluke diseases

A
  • schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
  • opisthorchis sinensis (chinese liver fluke)
  • paragonimus sp. (lung fluke)
  • echinostome (human fluke)
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5
Q

what is the 2nd nastiest parasitic infection?

A

schistomiasis

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6
Q

schistosomiasis (symptoms)

A
  • itchiness; damage to liver, intestine, bladder
  • rarely, eggs move to brain and spinal cord => seizures and paralysis
  • coughing up blood (oesophagogastic)
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7
Q

What helminth disease is called ‘Katayama’ fever?

A

Acute schistosomiasis

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8
Q

What sickness does acute schistosomiasis represent? What are the symptoms and how long do they last?

A

Resembles ‘serum sickness’ (immune disease)

Symptoms: often asymptomatic or flu-like; last weeks to months

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9
Q

What happens with chronic intestinal schistosomiasis?

A

eggs get trapped in liver –> fibrosis
affects intestines (severe)
symptoms seen years after infection
granulomatous inflammation around eggs

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10
Q

chronic hepatosplenic schistosomiasis

how to diagnose?

A

similar to chronic intestinal schistosomiasis

diagnosis: biopsy of liver to see cellular granulomas that occur at block blood flow

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11
Q

what disease normally infects birds or small mammals and is not capable of fully developing in man?

A

swimmer’s itch (cercarial dermatitis)

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12
Q

how is schistosomiasis diagnosed?

A
  • finding eggs in urine or stool; must be tested on multiple days
  • serum testing for antibodies -> must wait 6-8 week post infection
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13
Q

what is the third most prevalent worm parasite in the world and endemic in Asia?

A

Opisthorchis Sinensis

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14
Q

what type of helminth is opisthorchis sinensis?

A

flat worm (chinese liver fluke)

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15
Q

what helminth is capable of causing cancer?

A

opisthorchis sinensis

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16
Q

how is opisthorchis sinensis diagnosed?

A

identification of eggs in stool specimen with microscope

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17
Q

what is the portal of entry and exit for opisthorchis sinensis?

A

entry: ingest raw or undercooked fish
exit: feces

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18
Q

what helminth feeds on bile?

A

opisthorchis sinensis (chinese liver fluke)

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19
Q

which helminth disease has an intermediate host of >54 species of freshwater snails?

A

Paragonimus (infectious lung fluke endemic in Asia)

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20
Q

Which helminth disease has an intermediate host of 1 species of freshwater snail?

A

schistosomiasis

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21
Q

what are the symptoms for long-term infections of paragonimus?

A

mimics bronchitis or TB

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22
Q

How is Taeniasis transmitted?

A

humans pass tapeworm segments/eggs in feces and contaminate soil -> cows and pigs infected when eating -> humans become infected from eating beef or pork

Rare in U.S. unless there is poor sanitation

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23
Q

what disease can Taenia eggs cause in animals and how?

A

eggs in animal’s intestine hatch and migrate to striated muscle, causing cysticercosis

24
Q

what helminth disease causes gradual weight loss that is not noticeable?

A

Taeniasis

25
Q

what are the tapeworm species that cause Taeniasis? which causes the most symptoms and why?

A

beef, pork (T. solium), asian (T. asiatica)

beef (T. saginata) causes the most symptoms because it is larger in size (up to 10 m; the other two tapeworms are about 3 m)

26
Q

which helminth disease has the visible sign of segments of worm in feces?

A

taeniasis

27
Q

what causes cysticercosis? what parts of the body are infected and what is the result?

A

Cysticercosis is caused by larval cysts of T. soleum (pork tapeworm). The cysts infect the brain, muscle, tissue and cause seizures

28
Q

what contains testes and uterus?

A

tapeworms

29
Q

what is the largest parasite that infects humans?

A

fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum)

30
Q

what is the portal of entry and exit for fish tapeworm?

A

entry: eating raw or undercooked fish that contain cysts
exit: stool (larvae grown in 3-6 weeks up to 30 feet)

31
Q

what are the roundworms?

A
  • Enterobius (pinworms)
  • Ascaris Lumbricoides
  • Trichinellosis
  • Trichuris Trichuria (tapeworms) and hookworms
  • lympathic filariasis (Elephatiasis)
  • onchocera volvulus (river blindness)
  • dracanculus medinensis (guinea worm)
32
Q

what roundworm lays eggs at night time that causes intense itching and nightmares?

A

pinworms

Very infectious!

33
Q

what is the most common helminthic disease in the U.S.?

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm disease)

34
Q

how is enterobiasis transmitted?

A

direct contact with eggs on people, sheets, or inhalation of airborne eggs

35
Q

how is enterobiasis diagnosed?

A

scotch tape test

36
Q

who is commonly effected by pinworms?

A

children, institutionalized

37
Q

what is the most common human worm infection? (surveillance)

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

infects 25% of world population (tropics)
50% of children in U.S.

38
Q

while many are asymptomatic, what are other potential symptoms of Ascaris Lumbricoides?

A
  • damage to lungs (COUGH)
  • severe: malnutrition
  • intestinal obstruction -> death
39
Q

what type of transmission is Ascaris Lumbricoides?

A

fecal-oral; can also cough out worms

40
Q

chemo can be used to treat what?

A

roundworms

41
Q

what causes trichinellosis?

A

trichinella spiralis

42
Q

what disease is obtained from eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game infected with cysts?

A

trichinellosis

43
Q

digestive juices dissolve the hard covering of ingested cysts and emerge in intestine in which disease?

A

trichinellosis

44
Q

which disease is not typically transmitted by humans?

A

trichinellosis

animals (major reservoirs) feed upon infected rodents

45
Q

Trichinellosis often presents as flu-like symptoms. What other more severe symptom presents itself and how is it diagnosed?

A

Larvae deposit into muscle. Diagnosis: muscle biopsy and blood test

46
Q

What heavy infection symptoms occur from being infected with hookworms/whipworms?

A

painful stool that contains mucus, water, and blood. rectal prolapse. mental retardation in children.

47
Q

what disease is transmitted by walking barefoot on soil that is contaminated with feces?

A

whipworm/hookworm (penetrates skin)

48
Q

Other than flu-like symptoms, what is another first sign of infection of hookworms/whipworms? What other effect can occur?

A
  • itching

- physical and cognitive growth of children affected (due to malnutrition)

49
Q

what disease is spread through mosquitos?

A

Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)

50
Q

what helminth disease has hope for global eradication?

A

lymphatic filariasis

51
Q

what disease has an effective single dose treatment available?

A

lymphatic filariasis

52
Q

what disease is spread by bites of blackflies?

A

onchocerca volvulus (larvae develop in 10-12 days)

53
Q

what are the symptoms of onchocerca volvulus?

A
  • live under the skin and near muscles and joints, causing significant pain
  • thickening of cornea => “River Blindness”
54
Q

which disease is referred to as “river blindness”?

A

onchocerca volvulus

55
Q

what does the guinea worm cause?

A

Dracanulus medinensis

56
Q

what is the portal of entry and exit for dracanulus medinensis?

A

entry: drinking contaminated water
exit: blister develops -> cool water to ease burning pain -> worm detects temperature change and bursts from blister

57
Q

what is the portal of entry and exit for schistomiasis?

A
  • portal of entry: cercarieae penetrate skin of bathers -> migrate to blood vessels (worms feed on blood) -> invade liver
  • portal of exit: eggs discharged in feces and urine -> develop into Cercariae
  • male and female worms stay together for life cycle
  • infection for years

communicable disease control (8 decks)

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