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communicable disease control > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What antibiotics are produced by fungi?

A
  • Penicillin (from Penicillium notatum)
  • Streptomycin (from Streptomycin griseus)
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2
Q

What fungi produces blue cheese?

A

Penicillium rouqueforti

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3
Q

Two forms of fungi

A
  • Microscopic yeasts
  • Filamentous molds (i.e. moldy orange)
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4
Q

Are fungi prokaryotic or eucaryotic microbes?

A

Fungi are eucaryotic microbes

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5
Q

Are fungi unicellular or multicellular?

A

Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular

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6
Q

What is the mode of multiplication for fungi?

A
  • Spore formation - spores can be inhaled or land on skin and cause infection
  • Some fungi have complex life cycles (asexual/sexual)
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7
Q

How many species of fungi are there?

A

Over 50,000 species

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8
Q

How many species of fungi cause disease?

A

About 25

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9
Q

What fungi is the cause of “sick building syndrome”?

A

Stachybotrys chartarum

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10
Q

Who does “sick building syndrome” affect?

A
  • Affects people who are allergy sensitive
  • Immunosuppressed
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11
Q

What can Stachybotrys chartarum cause?

A
  • Causes respiratory illness and sensitivities
  • Rarely causes necrotizing soft tissue infections (causes by Mucormycetes)
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12
Q

When are two examples of when “sick building syndrome” has occurred?

A
  • Joplin, Missouri tornado
  • Hurricane Katrina
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13
Q

What is the pathogen that causes white-nose syndrome?

A

Pseudogymnoascus (Geomyces) destructans

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14
Q

Host of white-nose syndrome and effects

A

Host: bats

Causes:

  • fungal grows on muzzle and wings
  • skin erosion
  • abnormal behavior
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15
Q

Two types of fungi found in the environment

A
  • “sick building syndrome”
  • white-nose syndrome
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16
Q

4 fungal disease groups

A
  • deep mycoses
  • superficial mycoses
  • subcutaneous mycoses
  • mucocutaneous mycoses
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17
Q

How are deep mycoses diseases acquired?

A
  • inhalation of fungi or conidia (fungal spores)
  • contaminated surgical equipment
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18
Q

What happens during deep mycoses diseases?

A
  • lead to systemic or disseminated infections
  • spread to skin
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19
Q

Who does deep mycoses diseases usually affect?

A

immunosuppressed

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20
Q

Where is Aspergillosis found?

A

indoors and outdoors

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21
Q

Risk factors for Aspergillosis

A

immunosuppressed (asthma, cystic fibrosis, bone marrow/organ transplant, chemo, HIV)

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22
Q

How common is Aspergillosis and what is the prognosis?

A
  • Rare (not reportable)
  • High mortality (~100%)
  • Death in weeks
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23
Q

What can Aspergillosis cause?

A

acute pneumonia

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24
Q

symptoms of aspergillosis

A
  • allergic bronchopulmonary signs (wheezing, coughing)
  • invasive aspergillosis symptoms (fever, chest pains, coughing, SOB, aspergilloma (fungal ball) )
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25
Q

Aspergillosis dx.

A
  • chest x-ray
  • CT scan of lungs
  • biopsies
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26
Q

Aspergillosis tx.

A

Antifungal medications:

  • Amphotericin B
  • Itraconazole

usually ineffective

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27
Q

pathogen that causes Blastomycosis

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

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28
Q

where is Blastomyces dermatitidis found?

A

moist soil

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29
Q

Blastomycosis transmission

A

inhalation

30
Q

where is Blastomycosis found?

A
  • some states
  • endemic in some areas
31
Q

symptoms of Blastomycosis

A
  • half are asymptomatic
  • show up weeks to months are exposure
  • flu-like
  • rarely disseminates to skin and bones
32
Q

Risk factors for Blastomycosis

A
  • any healthy person or immunosuppressed
  • endemic in U.S.
33
Q

dx. and tx. of blastomycosis

A

Dx:

  • culture
  • antigen test

Tx:

  • Itraconazole
34
Q

cause of Candidiasis

A

yeasts (genus Candida) most common is Candida albicans

35
Q

three forms of Candidiasis infection

A
  • oral
  • genital (vaginal yeast infection)
  • invasive (bloodstream)
36
Q

what is the source of infection in Candidiasis

A

imbalance of yeast

37
Q

4th most common hospital-acquired blood stream infection

A

candidiasis

38
Q
A
39
Q

symptoms and diagnosis of oral candidiasis

A

Symptoms:

  • redness and soreness
  • difficulty swallowing
  • cracking at corners of mouth

Diagnosis:

  • scrape affected area -> microscope
40
Q

symptoms and diagnosis of genital candidiasis

A

symptoms:

  • itching
  • burning
  • “cottage cheese-like” discharge
  • rash

diagnosis:

  • sample of vaginal secretions -> microscope
41
Q

symptoms and diagnosis of invasive candidiasis

A

symptoms:

  • fever and chills
  • non-specific
  • symptoms do not improve with antibiotics

diagnosis:

  • blood culture
42
Q

risk and treatment for oral candidiasis

A

risk:

  • HIV/AIDS patients
  • cancer treatment
  • organ transplant
  • diabetes
  • dentures
  • broad-spectrum antibiotic use

treatment:

  • good oral hygiene reduces risk
  • itraconazole (oral antifungal medication)
  • topical wash (clotrimazole troches)
43
Q

risk and treatment for genital candidiasis

A

risk:

  • pregnancy
  • diabetes
  • broad-spectrum antibiotic use

reduce risk by:

  • wearing cotton underwear
  • oral probiotics

treatment:

  • over the counter suppositories/creams
44
Q

risk and treatment for invasive candidiasis

A

risk:

  • surgical patients
  • ICU
  • central venous catheter
  • weakened immune systems
  • low-birth-weight infants

reduce risk by:

  • infection control practices with central line

treatment:

  • oral/IV antifungal medication (amphotericin B, fluconazole, echinocandin)
45
Q

first US case of drug-resistant fungal infection

A

Candida auris (2016)

46
Q

In what states is Coccidioidomycosis endemic?

A
  • Arizona
  • California
  • Nevada
  • New Mexico
  • Utah
47
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

valley fever

48
Q

In Phoenix, Coccidioidomycosis is the cause of 15-30% of what disease?

A

community acquired pneumonia

49
Q

symptoms of Coccidioidomycosis

A
  • 60% asymptomatic
  • fatigue
  • cough
  • fever
  • SOB
  • headache
  • sweats
  • muscle aches
  • rash on upper body
50
Q

What microorganisms cause Cryptococcosis?

A
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Cryptococcus gattii
51
Q

Where is Cryptococcus neoformans found?

A

Found in soil worldwide and people inhale fungal spores

52
Q

Risk factors for Coccidioidomycosis

A
  • people who live or travel in southwestern states (Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona)
  • adults >60 years
  • weakened immune systems (HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, pregnant, diabetes, black or Filipino)
53
Q

Diagnosis for Coccidioidomycosis

A
  • medical and travel history
  • blood sample looking for antigens
  • occasionally chest x-ray and biopsy
54
Q

Treatment for Coccidioidomycosis

A
  • most symptoms go away within a few months without treatment
  • sometimes antifungal meds are prescribed to reduce symptoms
55
Q

Species that causes Coccidioidomycosis

A

Coccidioides species (C. immitis and C. posadasii)

56
Q

How is Coccidioidomycosis acquired?

A

inhalation of fungal arthrospores that exist in soil of endemic areas

57
Q

What was the epidemic of Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona in 2000 associated with?

A

Climatic changes

58
Q

Incidence of C. neoformans

A

Very low (<1%)

59
Q

C. neoformans is estimated to cause 1 million cases of ? per year among HIV/AIDS

Approximate number of deaths that occur and where

A

C. neoformans causes about 1 million cases of cryptococcal meningitis

About 600,000 deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa

60
Q

Cryptococcosis is a reportable disease in which two states? How many infections have been documented between 2004-2011?

A

Oregon and Washington

100 infections

61
Q

symptoms of Cryptococcosis (mild and severe)

A
  • SOB
  • cough
  • fatigue
  • fever
  • HA
  • C. gatti and neoformans can infect the nervous system and cause inflammation of brain and meninges
    • cause altered mental state and dissemination to lungs, skin, brain
      • C. gatti symptoms begin 2-14 months after exposure
      • C. neoformans can cause l_atent infection_ or symptomatic disease
62
Q

Who is at risk for developing cryptococcosis?

A

immunosuppressed

63
Q

Diagnosis of cryptococcosis

A
  • microscopic examination and/or culture of tissue or fluids (blood, CSF, sputum)
  • Culture dx cannot distinguish between the two different species
64
Q

Treatment for Cryptococcosis

A

antifungal for at least 6 months

65
Q

Dermatophytes

A
  • Fungi that cause skin, hair, and nail infections
  • other names: “Ringworm” or “Tinea”
66
Q

Where do Dermatophytes live?

A

live in moist areas of skin, environment, material

67
Q

Symptoms of Dermatophytes

A
  • can affect skin on almost any area of the body
  • infections are usually itchy, red, scaly, cracking of skin, ring-shaped rash
68
Q

How common is ringworm?

A

very common, including healthy people (contact sports, baths)

69
Q

Prevention of Dermatophytes

A

Good hygiene

70
Q

Diagnosis of Dermatophytes

A
  • most often based on symptoms
  • sometimes scrape affected area and microscopy
71
Q

Tx of Dermatophytes

A
  • oral antifungal meds (some)
  • topical (most)
72
Q

symptoms of Histoplasmosis

A
  • fever, cough, chills, headache, body aches
  • symptoms appear a few days to a couple weeks after exposure
  • usually go away within a few weeks to a month

communicable disease control (8 decks)

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