Exam 2 Flashcards
Gastroenteritis
- symptoms
- incubation period
- viruses that cause this disease
- stomach and abdominal pain/cramps, diarrhea, vomiting
- incubation period: 2-10 days
- viruses: Noroviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses
Rotaviruses
- what type of virus?
- what does it cause?
- what types of vaccinations and how effective are they?
dsRNA
- most common cause of severe/watery diarrhea in children
- Oral vaccines (85-98% effective) RotaTeq, Rotarix.
Before the vaccine, almost all children were infected before they were 5 years old
- cyclical (infections in winter with symptoms they think are the flu)
Noroviruses (Norwalk and Norwalk-like)
- what type of virus?
- how contagious is it and what is the ID?
- what does it cause?
- how is it spread and where is it most common?
- prevention?
+ssRNA
- very contagious: ID is <10 viral particles
- spread by person touching contaminated surfaces (persists in environment)
- viruses continue to shed after every recovery
- outbreaks common on cruise ships, food service workers, hospitals
- “stomach flu” (causes gastroenteritis)
- prevention: wash hands, wash food, cook food thoroughly, clean and disinfect surfaces
+ssRNA
can be directly used as mRNA
how are foodborne and waterborne viral diseases spread?
fecal-oral transmission
Hepatitis
- incubation period
- symptoms
- viruses
- incubation period: 3-8 weeks
- symptoms: jaundice, abnormal liver function
- viruses: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E
Hepatitis A
- what type of virus is it?
- what are the symptoms?
- how is it transmitted?
- diagnosis?
- treatment?
+ssRNA
- symptoms: mild, abrupt onset; fever, nausea, malaise, jaundice, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine; 70% of children under 6 yo are asymptomatic
- transmission: fecal-oral from contaminated food and water, close contact with household member or sex partner (low risk transmission)
- diagnosis: detection of antibodies in the blood
- treatment: no specific treatment, but vaccine is available (HepA)
- good hand washing and sanitation is most effective at control
Hepatitis E
- what type of virus?
- transmission?
- vaccine?
ssRNA
- transmitted by fecal-oral
- no vaccine available
- uncommon in USA
what is hepatitis?
inflammation of the liver
what is jaundice?
hemoglobin breaking down into excess bilirubin; liver disease
vaccination recommendation for Hepatitis B
1st dose: birth
2nd dose: 1 mo - 2 mos
3rd dose: 6 mos - 18 mos
range of recommended ages for catch-up immunization: 4 mos, 19 mo to 18 yrs
high-risk ages 19 yrs to >65 years: 3 doses
vaccination recommendation for Rotavirus (RV) RV1 (2-dose series); RVS (3-dose series)
1st dose: 2 mos
2nd dose: 4 mos
vaccination recommendation for Diptheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP <7 yrs)
1st dose: 2 mos 2nd dose: 4 mos 3rd dose: 6 mos 4th dose: 15 mos - 18 mos 5th dose: 4-6 yrs range of recommended ages from catch-up immunization: 9 mos - 12 mos; 19 mos - 3 yrs
vaccination recommendation for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
1st dose: 2 mos
2nd dose: 4 mos
3rd or 4th dose: 12 mos - 15 mos
range for catch-up immunization: 9 mos, 18 mos - 5 yrs
range for certain high-risk groups: 5 yrs - 18 yrs
for ages 19 yrs to >65 yrs (high-risk): 1-3 doses depending on indication
vaccination recommendation for Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13)
1st dose: 2 mos
2nd dose: 4 mos
3rd dose: 6 mos
4th dose: 12 mos to 15 mos
1 dose at age >65 yrs
range for catch-up immunization: 9 mos, 18 mos - 5 yrs
range for high-risk groups: 5 yrs - 64 yrs
vaccination recommendation for inactivated poliovirus (IPV: <18 yrs)
1st dose: 2 mos 2nd dose: 4 mos 3rd dose: 6 mos - 18 mos 4th dose: 4-6 yrs range for catch-up immunization: 19 mos - 3 yrs; 7-17 yrs
vaccination recommendation for influenza (IV)
Annual vaccination (IIV) 1 or 2 doses: 6 mos - 8 or 9 yrs
Annual vaccination (IIV) 1 dose only: 8 or 9 yrs to >65 yrs
vaccination recommendation for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
1st dose: 12 mos - 15 mos
2nd dose: 4-6 yrs
range for catch-up immunizations: 18 mos - 3 yrs; 7-18 yrs
19 to ~62 yrs => 1 or 2 doses depending on indication (if born in 1957 or later)
vaccination recommendation for varicella (VAR)
1st dose: 12-15 mos
2nd dose: 4-6 yrs
range for catch-up immunizations: 18 mos - 3 yrs; 7-18 yrs
19 yrs to >65 yrs => 2 doses
vaccination recommendation for Hepatitis A (HepA)
2 dose series: 12-23 mos
range for catch-up and high-risk: 2-18 yrs
For high risk groups ages 19 yrs to >65 yrs => 2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine
vaccination recommendation for Meningococcal (MenACWY-D >9 mos; MenACWY-CRM >2 mos)
range for high-risk: 2 mos - 10 yrs
1st dose: 11-12 yrs
2nd dose: 16 yrs
range for catch-up: 13-15 yrs; 17-18 yrs
high-risk ages 19 yrs to >65 yrs: 1 or 2 doses depending on indication, then booster every 5 yrs if risk remains
vaccination recommendation for Tetanus, diptheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap: >7 yrs)
11-12 yrs
range for catch-up: 7-10 yrs; 13-18 yrs
for ages 19 yrs to >65 yrs: 1 dose Tdap, then Td booster every 10 years
vaccination recommendation for Human papillomavirus (HPV)
11-12 yrs
high-risk and non-high-risk may receive at age ~8-10 yrs
range for catch-up: 13-18 yrs
cancer prevention vaccine
vaccination recommendation for HPV-Female (adults)
19-26 yrs: 2 or 3 doses depending on age at series initiation
vaccination recommendation for HPV-male (adults)
19-21 yrs: 2 or 3 doses depending on age at series initiation (22-26 yrs for high-risk)
vaccination recommendation for Meningococcal B
range for high-risk: ~9 yrs - 18 yrs
range for non-high-risk: 16-18 yrs
for ages 19 yrs to >65 yrs (high-risk): 2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine
vaccination recommendation for Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23)
> 65 yrs: 1 dose
range for high-risk: 2-64 yrs (age 19-64 yrs is 1 or 2 doses depending on indication)
vaccination recommendation for RSZ or ZVL
RZV is 50 yrs to >65 yrs (2 doses preferred)
ZVL is ~60 yr to >65 yrs (1 dose)
RZVS is a shingles vaccine
Polio virus
- what type of virus is it?
- symptoms?
- transmission?
- diagnosis?
- treatment?
- risk factors?
+ssRNA
- 72% of people infected have no symptoms
24% have minor symptoms (fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, flu-like symptoms, stiff neck and back)
<1% infected have permanent paralysis of limbs (5-10% of these die due to paralysis of respiratory muscles)
- transmission: person-to-person contact (fecal-oral route); indirect contact with infectious saliva or contaminated water
- affects only humans
- diagnosis: stool sample or throat test
- treatment: no specific treatment, but available vaccine (Salk and sabin vaccine); 4 dose vaccine schedule
- risk factors: traveling to high-risk areas, handling infected specimens, healthcare workers
Salk vaccine
- first polio virus vaccine (1950s)
- uses killed viruses of the three polio strains
Sabin vaccine
- polio virus vaccine composed of live, attenuated viruses
polio virus vaccine schedule
2 months, 4 months, 6-18 months, booster at 4-6 years
salk vaccine vs sabin vaccine
- salk vaccine is less effective than sabin vaccine
- salk vaccine is less risk because sabin vaccine can mutate back to effective state
Poliomyelitis
- incubation period
- virus
- symptoms
- incubation period: 7-14 days
- virus: poliovirus
- symptoms: usually asymptomatic but can cause lifelong paralysis
types of foodborne and waterborne viral disease
Gastroenteritis
Hepatitis
Poliomyelitis
common cold
- viruses that cause the common cold
- symptoms
- transmission
- diagnosis
- about half of all colds are caused by two RNA viruses: Rhinoviruses (ssRNA) and Coronaviruses (ssRNA); can also be caused by adenoviruses (ssDNA)
- symptoms: sneezing, coughing, sore throat, stiffness, malaise
- transmission: droplets and fomites
- diagnosis: symptom-based (can be over 100 different strains within some viral groups)
Enterovirus EV-D68
- uncommon (related to rhinovirus and poliovirus)
- causes respiratory symptoms, like a cold but worse
Measles (Rubeola), Mumps, and German Measles (Rubella)
- virus that causes these illnesses
- what does vaccination consist of? how many doses and when? how long does the vaccine last?
- childhood illnesses caused by specific ssRNA virus in the Paramyxoviridae family
- MMR vaccine introduced in 1968; consists of mixture of live, attenuated viruses
- 2 dose vaccine (1st at 12-15 mos; 2nd at 4-6 yrs)
- Quadrivalent vaccine (includes varicella) is now available
- the vaccine lasts 20 years
measles (rubeola)
- symptoms
- transmission
- risk factor
- how long is immunity from infection?
- reasons for recent outbreaks
- symptoms: cold like, mild, self limiting (but 1/500 cases are fatal due to complications such as pneumonia, ear infections, brain damage, and seizures); Koplik’s spots in mouth follow by red rash on face that spreads to extremities
- transmission: respiratory droplets (overcrowding, low levels of herd immunity, malnutrition, poor medical care, highly infectious); humans are the only reservoir
- risk factor: significant cause of death in developing countries (10-30% fatality)
- immunity from infection is lifelong
- reasons for recent outbreaks: no measles vaccine (religion), overseas exposure, home schooling
mumps
- symptoms? where the virus can spread & what kind of complications can arise? what age is mumps most common in?
- type of transmission
- diagnosis
- treatment
symptoms: fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, loss of appetite
many children are asymptomatic & it commonly affects children under age 15
infection of PAROTID GLAND => swelling of face
virus can spread to testes, ovaries, meninges, heart, kidney
rare complications: sterility in males & deafness
