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communicable disease control > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gastroenteritis

  • symptoms
  • incubation period
  • viruses that cause this disease
A
  • stomach and abdominal pain/cramps, diarrhea, vomiting
  • incubation period: 2-10 days
  • viruses: Noroviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses
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2
Q

Rotaviruses

  • what type of virus?
  • what does it cause?
  • what types of vaccinations and how effective are they?
A

dsRNA
- most common cause of severe/watery diarrhea in children
- Oral vaccines (85-98% effective) RotaTeq, Rotarix.
Before the vaccine, almost all children were infected before they were 5 years old
- cyclical (infections in winter with symptoms they think are the flu)

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3
Q

Noroviruses (Norwalk and Norwalk-like)

  • what type of virus?
  • how contagious is it and what is the ID?
  • what does it cause?
  • how is it spread and where is it most common?
  • prevention?
A

+ssRNA

  • very contagious: ID is <10 viral particles
  • spread by person touching contaminated surfaces (persists in environment)
  • viruses continue to shed after every recovery
  • outbreaks common on cruise ships, food service workers, hospitals
  • “stomach flu” (causes gastroenteritis)
  • prevention: wash hands, wash food, cook food thoroughly, clean and disinfect surfaces
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4
Q

+ssRNA

A

can be directly used as mRNA

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5
Q

how are foodborne and waterborne viral diseases spread?

A

fecal-oral transmission

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6
Q

Hepatitis

  • incubation period
  • symptoms
  • viruses
A
  • incubation period: 3-8 weeks
  • symptoms: jaundice, abnormal liver function
  • viruses: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E
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7
Q

Hepatitis A

  • what type of virus is it?
  • what are the symptoms?
  • how is it transmitted?
  • diagnosis?
  • treatment?
A

+ssRNA

  • symptoms: mild, abrupt onset; fever, nausea, malaise, jaundice, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine; 70% of children under 6 yo are asymptomatic
  • transmission: fecal-oral from contaminated food and water, close contact with household member or sex partner (low risk transmission)
  • diagnosis: detection of antibodies in the blood
  • treatment: no specific treatment, but vaccine is available (HepA)
  • good hand washing and sanitation is most effective at control
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8
Q

Hepatitis E

  • what type of virus?
  • transmission?
  • vaccine?
A

ssRNA

  • transmitted by fecal-oral
  • no vaccine available
  • uncommon in USA
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9
Q

what is hepatitis?

A

inflammation of the liver

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10
Q

what is jaundice?

A

hemoglobin breaking down into excess bilirubin; liver disease

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11
Q

vaccination recommendation for Hepatitis B

A

1st dose: birth
2nd dose: 1 mo - 2 mos
3rd dose: 6 mos - 18 mos

range of recommended ages for catch-up immunization: 4 mos, 19 mo to 18 yrs

high-risk ages 19 yrs to >65 years: 3 doses

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12
Q

vaccination recommendation for Rotavirus (RV) RV1 (2-dose series); RVS (3-dose series)

A

1st dose: 2 mos

2nd dose: 4 mos

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13
Q

vaccination recommendation for Diptheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP <7 yrs)

A 
1st dose: 2 mos
2nd dose: 4 mos
3rd dose: 6 mos
4th dose: 15 mos - 18 mos
5th dose: 4-6 yrs
range of recommended ages from catch-up immunization: 9 mos - 12 mos; 19 mos - 3 yrs
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14
Q

vaccination recommendation for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

A

1st dose: 2 mos
2nd dose: 4 mos
3rd or 4th dose: 12 mos - 15 mos

range for catch-up immunization: 9 mos, 18 mos - 5 yrs

range for certain high-risk groups: 5 yrs - 18 yrs

for ages 19 yrs to >65 yrs (high-risk): 1-3 doses depending on indication

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15
Q

vaccination recommendation for Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13)

A

1st dose: 2 mos
2nd dose: 4 mos
3rd dose: 6 mos
4th dose: 12 mos to 15 mos

1 dose at age >65 yrs

range for catch-up immunization: 9 mos, 18 mos - 5 yrs

range for high-risk groups: 5 yrs - 64 yrs

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16
Q

vaccination recommendation for inactivated poliovirus (IPV: <18 yrs)

A 
1st dose: 2 mos
2nd dose: 4 mos
3rd dose: 6 mos - 18 mos
4th dose: 4-6 yrs
range for catch-up immunization: 19 mos - 3 yrs; 7-17 yrs
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17
Q

vaccination recommendation for influenza (IV)

A

Annual vaccination (IIV) 1 or 2 doses: 6 mos - 8 or 9 yrs

Annual vaccination (IIV) 1 dose only: 8 or 9 yrs to >65 yrs

18
Q

vaccination recommendation for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)

A

1st dose: 12 mos - 15 mos
2nd dose: 4-6 yrs

range for catch-up immunizations: 18 mos - 3 yrs; 7-18 yrs

19 to ~62 yrs => 1 or 2 doses depending on indication (if born in 1957 or later)

19
Q

vaccination recommendation for varicella (VAR)

A

1st dose: 12-15 mos
2nd dose: 4-6 yrs

range for catch-up immunizations: 18 mos - 3 yrs; 7-18 yrs

19 yrs to >65 yrs => 2 doses

20
Q

vaccination recommendation for Hepatitis A (HepA)

A

2 dose series: 12-23 mos

range for catch-up and high-risk: 2-18 yrs

For high risk groups ages 19 yrs to >65 yrs => 2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine

21
Q

vaccination recommendation for Meningococcal (MenACWY-D >9 mos; MenACWY-CRM >2 mos)

A

range for high-risk: 2 mos - 10 yrs

1st dose: 11-12 yrs
2nd dose: 16 yrs

range for catch-up: 13-15 yrs; 17-18 yrs

high-risk ages 19 yrs to >65 yrs: 1 or 2 doses depending on indication, then booster every 5 yrs if risk remains

22
Q

vaccination recommendation for Tetanus, diptheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap: >7 yrs)

A

11-12 yrs

range for catch-up: 7-10 yrs; 13-18 yrs

for ages 19 yrs to >65 yrs: 1 dose Tdap, then Td booster every 10 years

23
Q

vaccination recommendation for Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A

11-12 yrs

high-risk and non-high-risk may receive at age ~8-10 yrs

range for catch-up: 13-18 yrs

cancer prevention vaccine

24
Q

vaccination recommendation for HPV-Female (adults)

A

19-26 yrs: 2 or 3 doses depending on age at series initiation

25
Q

vaccination recommendation for HPV-male (adults)

A

19-21 yrs: 2 or 3 doses depending on age at series initiation (22-26 yrs for high-risk)

26
Q

vaccination recommendation for Meningococcal B

A

range for high-risk: ~9 yrs - 18 yrs

range for non-high-risk: 16-18 yrs

for ages 19 yrs to >65 yrs (high-risk): 2 or 3 doses depending on vaccine

27
Q

vaccination recommendation for Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23)

A

> 65 yrs: 1 dose

range for high-risk: 2-64 yrs (age 19-64 yrs is 1 or 2 doses depending on indication)

28
Q

vaccination recommendation for RSZ or ZVL

A

RZV is 50 yrs to >65 yrs (2 doses preferred)

ZVL is ~60 yr to >65 yrs (1 dose)

RZVS is a shingles vaccine

29
Q

Polio virus

  • what type of virus is it?
  • symptoms?
  • transmission?
  • diagnosis?
  • treatment?
  • risk factors?
A

+ssRNA
- 72% of people infected have no symptoms
24% have minor symptoms (fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, flu-like symptoms, stiff neck and back)
<1% infected have permanent paralysis of limbs (5-10% of these die due to paralysis of respiratory muscles)
- transmission: person-to-person contact (fecal-oral route); indirect contact with infectious saliva or contaminated water
- affects only humans
- diagnosis: stool sample or throat test
- treatment: no specific treatment, but available vaccine (Salk and sabin vaccine); 4 dose vaccine schedule
- risk factors: traveling to high-risk areas, handling infected specimens, healthcare workers

30
Q

Salk vaccine

A
  • first polio virus vaccine (1950s)

- uses killed viruses of the three polio strains

31
Q

Sabin vaccine

A
  • polio virus vaccine composed of live, attenuated viruses
32
Q

polio virus vaccine schedule

A

2 months, 4 months, 6-18 months, booster at 4-6 years

33
Q

salk vaccine vs sabin vaccine

A
  • salk vaccine is less effective than sabin vaccine

- salk vaccine is less risk because sabin vaccine can mutate back to effective state

34
Q

Poliomyelitis

  • incubation period
  • virus
  • symptoms
A
  • incubation period: 7-14 days
  • virus: poliovirus
  • symptoms: usually asymptomatic but can cause lifelong paralysis
35
Q

types of foodborne and waterborne viral disease

A

Gastroenteritis
Hepatitis
Poliomyelitis

36
Q

common cold

  • viruses that cause the common cold
  • symptoms
  • transmission
  • diagnosis
A
  • about half of all colds are caused by two RNA viruses: Rhinoviruses (ssRNA) and Coronaviruses (ssRNA); can also be caused by adenoviruses (ssDNA)
  • symptoms: sneezing, coughing, sore throat, stiffness, malaise
  • transmission: droplets and fomites
  • diagnosis: symptom-based (can be over 100 different strains within some viral groups)
37
Q

Enterovirus EV-D68

A
  • uncommon (related to rhinovirus and poliovirus)

- causes respiratory symptoms, like a cold but worse

38
Q

Measles (Rubeola), Mumps, and German Measles (Rubella)

  • virus that causes these illnesses
  • what does vaccination consist of? how many doses and when? how long does the vaccine last?
A
  • childhood illnesses caused by specific ssRNA virus in the Paramyxoviridae family
  • MMR vaccine introduced in 1968; consists of mixture of live, attenuated viruses
  • 2 dose vaccine (1st at 12-15 mos; 2nd at 4-6 yrs)
  • Quadrivalent vaccine (includes varicella) is now available
  • the vaccine lasts 20 years
39
Q

measles (rubeola)

  • symptoms
  • transmission
  • risk factor
  • how long is immunity from infection?
  • reasons for recent outbreaks
A
  • symptoms: cold like, mild, self limiting (but 1/500 cases are fatal due to complications such as pneumonia, ear infections, brain damage, and seizures); Koplik’s spots in mouth follow by red rash on face that spreads to extremities
  • transmission: respiratory droplets (overcrowding, low levels of herd immunity, malnutrition, poor medical care, highly infectious); humans are the only reservoir
  • risk factor: significant cause of death in developing countries (10-30% fatality)
  • immunity from infection is lifelong
  • reasons for recent outbreaks: no measles vaccine (religion), overseas exposure, home schooling
40
Q

mumps

  • symptoms? where the virus can spread & what kind of complications can arise? what age is mumps most common in?
  • type of transmission
  • diagnosis
  • treatment
A

symptoms: fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, loss of appetite

many children are asymptomatic & it commonly affects children under age 15

infection of PAROTID GLAND => swelling of face
virus can spread to testes, ovaries, meninges, heart, kidney
rare complications: sterility in males & deafness

communicable disease control (8 decks)

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