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communicable disease control > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Dengue virus

type of disease, serotypes, causing agent, prevalence, where its found in the world, s/s, tx, vaccine, dx

A
  • arthropod viral disease
  • causes - Aedes aegypti
  • # 2 most common arthropod disease after malaria
  • “break bone fever”
  • don’t have in UT
    • emerging threat in Florida
  • four distinct serotypes
    • DENV-1,2,3,4
  • s/s
    • asymptomatic to mild flu like symptoms
    • dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndromes
      • fatality rate 40%
  • dx. virus isolation and detect antibodies
  • no effective vaccine available
  • tx. supportive care
  • vector control
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2
Q

how many times more likely are HIV victims to develop active TB?

A

800 times

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3
Q

two largest known pandemics that were caused by viruses

A
  • 1918 “spanish flu” pandemic
    • killed more than 25 million people in one year (3.6% of worlds population)
  • HIV/AIDS
    • first recognized in U.S. in early 1980s
    • now worldwide pandemic
    • devastating Africa
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4
Q

is the home to % of the world’s people living with HIV

A

Sub-Saharan Africa

68%

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5
Q

hepA vaccine

A

2 dose series

12-23 mos

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6
Q

aerobes vs anaerobes vs facultative anaerobes (oxygen requirements)

A
  • aerobes - require O2 for metabolism
  • anaerobes - do not use O2 for metabolism (some can tolerate it, but others are killed by it)
  • facultative anaerobes - grow better in presence of O2, but can grow in its absence
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7
Q

ways microbes are used that are beneficial to society

A
  • exploited to produce foods
  • used to make products (drugs, chemicals, biotechnology) and energy sources (biofuels)
  • used for bioremediation to clean-up environmental pollutants
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8
Q

Anthrax

type of disease, where it is found, cause, used for what, treatment, varieties,

A
  • soilborne bacterial disease
  • cause: Bacillus anthracis (g+ endospore-forming)
  • primarily found in grazing animals
  • biowarfare
  • antibiotics effective against all forms, but early intervention necessary
    • vaccine for high risk
  • three varieties:
    • inhalation anthrax (woolsorter’s disease)
      • ​most severe; hazard for people who work with contaminated dead animals; flu-like symptoms
    • cutaneous anthrax
      • acquired by contact with wool, hides, leather, hair products
      • s/s - small blisters, ulcer
    • gastrointestinal anthrax
      • from ingesting under-cooked meat
  • most common in agricultural regions of many countries, but rare in U.S. (sporadic outbreaks)
  • vaccination recommended for livestock
  • also infected by injecting heroin.. reported in Europe
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9
Q

pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) vaccine

A

4 dose series

2 mos

4 mos

6 mos

12-15 mos

1 dose >65 yrs

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10
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

type of disease, transmission, host, s/s

A
  • roundworm disease
  • “river blindness”
  • transmission: female blackfly
    • larvae migrate to biting parts of fly after development
    • live near muscles and joints (significant pain)
    • produce thousands of larvae daily; adult worms can live up to 15 years in human body
  • s/s: corneal inflammation (keratitis), blindness
  • humans are only definitive host
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11
Q

trichomoniasis

type of disease, microorganism that causes it, prevalence, where its found in the world, reservoir, s/s, tx, dx, carriers

A
  • sexually transmitted protozoan disease
  • cause - Trichomonas vaginalis
    • flagellated protozoan
  • one of the most common STDs; worldwide
  • no cyst stage; cannot survive long outside of host
  • human urogenital tract is the only reservoir
  • many infected are asymptomatic carriers
  • s/s - iching, dysuria, discharge
  • tx - oral drugs (tinidazole, metronidazole)
    • the most treatable STD
  • dx - swab then microscope and look for motility
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12
Q

Group B strep

s/s, prevention

A
  • primary concern for newborns
    • early and late onset
  • s/s: fever, difficulty feeding and breathing, blue-ish skin, irritable, streptococcal pharyngitis
  • prevention:
    • test pregnant women (25% carry)
    • IV antibiotics during labor
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13
Q

multicellular microbes

A
  • algae
  • fungi
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14
Q

antigenic drift vs antigenic shift (influenza)

A
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15
Q
A
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16
Q
A

lice

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17
Q

Dracanulus medinensis

type of disease, worm that causes it, s/s, tx, portal of entry and exit

A
  • roundworm disease caused by guinea worm
  • no symptoms for 1 yr, then flu-like
    • blister develops and causes burning pain. bursts with temp change of cool water and thousands of larvae release
  • portal of entry: drinking water
  • tx. is necessary
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18
Q

epidemiologists

A

challenged to determine why an outbreak of disease occurs at a particular time and/or particular place

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19
Q

Noroviruses (Norwalk and Norwalk-like)

genome type, how contagious is it, where outbreaks occur, morbidity rates, what disease does it cause

A
  • +ssRNA (use directly as mRNA)
  • very contagious: ID <10 viral particles
  • causes inflamed stomach and intestines
  • persists in environment; viruses shed after recovery
  • very common (millions of cases in U.S. per year)
  • cruise ship outbreaks
  • “stomach flu”
  • prevent by sanitation
  • cause gastroenteritis
  • foodborne and waterborne virus
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20
Q

prevention of TB

A
  • BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine
    • attenuated
    • protection rate ~80% children and <50% in adults; not life-long
    • gives positive TB skin test
    • we don’t use this vaccine
  • improve DOTS implementation
  • improve social conditions (poverty, water quality, housing)
  • improve public health care
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21
Q

bacterial contact diseases (other than STDs)

A
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22
Q

reservoirs

A
  • reservoir - site in nature in which microbes survive (and possibly multiply) and from which they may be transmitted
  • humans are the only known reservoir for pathogens that cause smallpox, gonorrhea, measles, polio
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23
Q

viral genome replication for ssDNA

A
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24
Q

Molecular HIV Surveillance (MHS)

example of when it was used

A
  • a group of people whose HIV genetic sequence is so similar it implies an epidemiological link among them
    • called an HIV cluster
  • two persons infected with highly similar HIV strains could be directly linked through transmission, but both could…
    • have been infected by a third source OR
    • be connected indirectly by 1 or more intermediaries
  • Bexar County, San Antonio, Texas
    • ​cluster 51 - all men, largely hispanic, MSM, and average age of 29
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25
Q

meningococcal vaccine

A

2 doses

11-12 yrs

16 yrs

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26
Q

La Crosse encephalitis

type of disease, where it occurs in the world, what it can cause

A
  • encephalitis-causing arboviruses
  • occurs in upper midwestern U.S. (La Crosse, Wisconsin)
  • can cause miscarriages and deformities
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27
Q

indirect transmission

A
  • indirect transmission - microbes pass from reservoir to intermediate agent to host
    • vehicleborne - via food, water, biological products (organs, blood), and fomites
    • airborne - aerosols of water or dust (less than 4 µm) that remain airborne for extended periods
    • vectorborne - arthropods (ticks, flies, mosquitoes, lice, fleas) or insects (chagas’ kissing bug)
      • mechanical passive transmission on feet; microbes do not invade, multiply, or develop in the vector
      • biological vectors - transmission is an active process
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28
Q

pinworms

A
  • life cycle in intestine
  • emerge at nighttime to lay eggs (10-15,000)
  • intense itching and nightmares
  • very infectious
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29
Q

Taeniasis

type of disease, cause, portal of entry, portal of exit, host, s/s, where is it found

A
  • caused by tapeworms -
    • Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) - more symptoms (digestive problems because they are larger in size)
    • T. solium (pork tapeworm)
    • T. asiatica (Asian tapeworm)
  • humans are the only host
  • portal of exit: segments in feces (contaminate soil)
    • cows and pigs infected after feeding - migrate to striated muscle (cysticercosis)
  • portal of entry: consuming raw or undercooked beef or pork
  • s/s: mild or nonexistent
  • rare in U.S. except where sanitation is poor
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30
Q

Western equine encephalitis

type of disease, where its found in the world, symptoms, mortality, prevalence

A
  • encephalitis-causing arbovirus
  • endemic to western half of U.S.
  • rarely symptomatic
    • can cause severe neurological damage and death (4% mortality rate)
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31
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

symptom, pathotypes, type of disease

A
  • six pathotypes associated with diarrhea
  • most common cause of traveler’s diarrhea
  • foodborne and waterborne bacterial disease
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32
Q

viral envelopes

which type is more stable in the environment?

A
  • non-enveloped:“naked” have protein capsid surface
    • more stable in the environment
  • enveloped: plasma membrane containing host and viral protein, surrounds the virion as it exits the cell
    • enveloped purpose: collect membrane of host cell, not immediately recognized (protection), more prone to break down in environment
    • spikes: surface viral proteins used in attachment
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33
Q

diseases spread by anopheles

A
  • malaria
  • elephantiasis
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34
Q

Six types of microbes

A
  1. bacteria
  2. viruses
  3. protozoa
  4. fungi
  5. algae (unicellular)
  6. prions (subcellular; composed entirely of protein)
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35
Q

pandemic

A
  • classification of disease
  • epidemics that spread across continents
  • i.e. 1918 influenza, HIV/AIDS, malaria
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36
Q

nonspecific immunity

A
  • innate physiological defenses that operate to
    • block microbes from getting into body
    • eliminate microbes that have gotten into the body
  • present since birth
  • act against types of microbes, not specific microbes
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37
Q

flu strains that emerged recently

A
  • bird flu H5N1
    • 1997 Hong Kong
    • direct bird contact
    • high mortality rate
  • swine flu of 2009 (H1N1)
    • reassortment of pig, human, bird (antigenic shift)
    • reclassified as just another “seasonal” flu
  • 2015 huge outbreak in Iowa and Midwest in poultry and wild birds
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38
Q

shingles (herpes zoster)

type of disease, genome type, who does it affect, vaccine, transmission, host

A
  • varicella-zoster (DNA herpes virus)
  • airborne viral disease
  • occurs after age 45 in some who had chickenpox as a child
    • humans are the only host
  • transmission: airborne and contact with fluid
    • highly contagious
  • vaccine -
    • SHINGRIX - zoster vaccine recombinant
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39
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) symptoms

A
  • prion disease
  • s/s: loss of motor coordination, dementia, other neurological symptoms, death
    • autopsy reveals a “sponge-like” brain full of holes
    • no cure or treatment
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40
Q

plague

type of disease, causing agent, vector, reservoirs, epidemiology, types (mortality, s/s, transmission)

A
  • arthropod vector disease
  • cause - Yersinia pestis
    • gram neg. bacillus
    • one of the most virulent bacteria known
  • killed 1/3 of Europe in 1300s
  • used as biological warfare
  • reemerging infection
    • pacific plague focus
      • ~50% acquired from visiting campgrounds or recreation sites
    • southwest plague focus
      • 80% acquired in peridomestic environments
      • sporadic cases due to prairie dogs
  • reservoirs - mammals, rodents
  • vector - flea
  • types of plague
    • bubonic
      • s/s - buboes (swollen lymph nodes)
        • can spread and cause hemorrhages
      • not normally infectious
      • mortality >50%
    • pneumonic
      • bubonic plague then develop pneumonia
      • transmission - airborne
      • 100% fatal w/o early tx
      • vaccine for high risk; not that effective
    • septicemic
      • spreads from lungs to rest of body
      • transmission - fecal-oral
      • 100% fatal
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41
Q

food intoxication (food poisoning)

A
  • ingestion of bacterial toxins (with or without microbe being present)
  • symptoms appear quickly
    • n/v, diarrhea
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42
Q

Nipah and Hendra virus

A
  • Henipavirus
  • s/s: fever, headache, enchephalitis, coma
  • risk factor: close contact w/ pigs, consuming raw date palm sap, bats
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43
Q

flat worms (digenian flukes) diseases

A
  • schistosomiasis - bilharzia
  • opisthorchis sinensis - chinese liver fluke
  • paragonimus sp. - the lung fluke
  • echinostome (human fluke)
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44
Q

antibody structure

A
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45
Q

unicellular microbes

A
  • protozoa
  • bacteria
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46
Q

how can normal flora be opportunistic pathogens?

A

slippery see-saw between mutualism to parasitism; people with depressed immune systems are more prone to infections

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47
Q

Thomas Malthus

A
  • 1800s
  • preacher who warned that unchecked population growth would lead to faminine
    • the “hub” of the problem with population growth is increased tranmission of infectious agents
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48
Q

direct transmission - horizontal transmission

A
  • person-to-person
  • touch
  • sex
  • droplets
  • animal bites
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49
Q

which type of viruses are resistant to hand sanitizer?

A

non-enveloped viruses

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50
Q

humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

A
  • specific immunity
  • ​triggers antibody production specific for an antigen
    • antibodies are produced by activated B lymphocytes with aid of TH cells​
    • B lymphocytes are “activated” by contact with antigen and TH cells to become antibody-producing plasma cells
    • some B cells develop into memory B cells
    • all antibodies made by one B cell bind to the same antigen
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51
Q

three main classes of parasites

A
  • protozoa
  • helminths
  • ectoparasites
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52
Q

zika virus - flavivirus

type of disease, what its associated with, s/s, vaccination, at risk, dx

A
  • arthropod viral disease
  • olympics outbreak in Brazil
    • largely associated with travel
    • can be sexually transmitted
  • s/s - usually none or mild
  • at risk - pregnant women (microcephaly)
    • use protection for 6 mos
  • association with Guillain-Barre syndrome (affects nerves)
  • dx - blood, urine, history
  • no vaccine available
    • mosquito control is critical!
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53
Q

fungi that produces blue cheese

A

Penicillium rouqueforti

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54
Q

what percentage of human disease are a result of viruses?

A

85%

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55
Q

4 kinds of viral genomes

A
  • dsDNA
  • dsRNA
  • ssDNA
  • ssRNA
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56
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

type of disease, s/s, dx, tx, incidence, where it is found, at risk

A
  • valley fever
  • fungal disease
  • endemic in AZ, CA, NV, NM, UT
    • phoenix - 15-30% community acquired pneumonia
  • s/s - flu-like
  • at risk - travel to endemic states, adults >60 yo, immunocompromised
  • dx - history, blood sample, sometimes chest x-ray and biopsy
  • tx - usually none, maybe antifungal meds
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57
Q

Hepatitis B virus as an STD

incubation, presentation, prevention, diagnostics, treatment, concentration in various body fluids

A
  • incubation: 60-90 days
  • presentation: jaundice
  • dx:
    • HBsAg
    • Anti-HBc
    • IgM anti-HBc
    • Anti-HBs
  • prevention:
    • vaccination
    • hep B immunoglobulin
  • tx:
    • interferon
    • lamivudine
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58
Q

food poisoning

A
  • food intoxication
  • bacteria replicate in food or water and make toxins, which you ingest
  • examples: staph. food poisoning, Bacillus cereus, botulism, C. perfringins (70% fatal)
  • some self-resolving, others use antitoxin and supportive therapy
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59
Q

bacterial STIs

A
  • chlamydia
  • gonorrhea
  • syphilis
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60
Q

Rabies Virus

type of disease, virus type, vaccine, forms

A
  • contact viral disease
  • formerly known as hydrophobia
  • caused by RNA virus
  • vaccine for prevention and early tx
    • 5 dose (day 0, 3, 7, 14, 28)
    • includes one dose of immunoglobullin
  • two lethal forms:
    • furious (80%) - involves brain (aggression, foaming at mouth)
    • dumb, or paralytic - involves spinal cord (weak limbs, paralysis)
  • in the U.S. - bat bites
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61
Q

Botulism

microbe, source, therapy, disease type, s/s

A
  • food intoxication (foodborne and waterborne bacterial disease)
  • Clostridium botulinum (g+ spore-forming bacillus) found in soil
  • source: improperly canned foods, low acid content foods
  • therapy: antitoxin and mechanical ventilation
  • s/s: muscle weakness, slurred speech, impaired vision
  • botox - removes wrinkles and reduces muscle overactivity
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62
Q

nomenclature for Influenza A (subtypes)

A

H5N1 “Avian Flu” (2004 Vietnam)

H1N1 “swine flu” of 2009

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63
Q

viral replication release

A
  • mechanisms:
    • rupture (lyse) the cell (i.e. phage and some animal viruses)
    • budding or “endocytosis in reverse” (some enveloped viruses)
      • gradual and doesn’t kill the cell
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64
Q

types of infectious disease transmission

A
  • person-to-person
  • biological vector (mosquito to human)
  • zoonotic (animal to human; by consumption or biting)
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65
Q

rotavirus

genome type, what does it cause, vaccines

A
  • dsRNA
  • most common cause of severe/watery diarrhea in children
  • oral vaccines (85-98% effective) RotaTeq, Rotarix
  • cyclical
  • cause gastroenteritis
  • foodborne and waterborne virus
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66
Q

deep mycoses

what does it lead to?

who does it affect?

how is it acquired?

A
  • deep mycoses leads to systemic or disseminated infections and often spreads to the skin
  • usually in immunosuppressed
  • acquired by -
    • inhalation of fungi or spores
    • contaminated medical equipment
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67
Q

Leishmaniasis

type of disease, causing agent, where its found in the world, prevalence, presentations, transmission, reservoirs, dx, tx

A
  • arthropod vector disease
  • cause - Leishmania spp.
    • ​flagellated protozoan
  • endemic in most tropical and subtropical areas worldwide
  • transmission - bite of female sand fly
  • reservoirs - wild and domestic animals
  • presentation
    • visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)
      • ​~100% mortality if untreated
      • invade liver and spleen
      • s/s - fever, weight loss, anemia, abd. protrusion
    • mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (espundia)
      • ​invade skin and mucous membranes
    • cutaneous leishmaniasis
      • ​mild to disfiguring skin lesions; ulcers
  • dx - tissue under light microscope
  • tx - all visceral and mucosal presentations should be treated with pentavalent antimonial (Sb) therapy
    • significant side effects - n/v, heaptotoxicity, cardiotoxicity (choose whether to treat cutaneous or not because side effects are significant)
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68
Q

Measles (rubeola)

type of disease, genome type, s/s, transmission, reservoir, where is it a problem, vaccine

A
  • airborne viral disease
  • ssRNA
  • s/s: mild, cold-like
    • few are fatal due to complications (pneumonia, ear infections, seizures)
    • Koplik’s spots in mouth followed by red rash on face then extremities
  • transmission: respiratory droplets
    • highly infectious
    • humans are the only reservoir
  • significant cause of death in developing countries
  • immunity is lifelong
  • MMR vaccine
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69
Q

Drug resistant protozoan diseases

A
  • malaria
  • visceral leishmaniasis
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70
Q

cryptosporidiosis

type of disease, microorganisms that causes it, where it occurs (example), transmission, dx, tx, life cycle, ID

A
  • foodborne and waterborne protozoan disease
  • cause - Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis
  • Milwaukee epidemic 1993
  • reservoirs - mammals, birds, reptiles
  • outbreaks worldwide, including UT
  • complicated life cycle (asexual and sexual)
  • transmission - fecal-oral
  • typical s/s
  • dx - several stool samples (examined microscopically and PCR)
    • difficult; not routinely done
  • tx - usually none
    • fluids
    • anti-diarrheal medication
  • chlorine resistant
  • ID 10 oocysts
  • life cycle - oocysts undergo excystation to sporozoites that penetrate intestinal cells and multiply
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71
Q

herd immunity (group immunity)

A
  • the proportion of immunized individuals in a population
    • the smaller the number of susceptible individuals, the less opportunity for contact between them and infected individuals
  • herd immunity necessary depends on what infectious disease
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72
Q

What are some issues with Koch’s postulates?

A
  • isolates only one microbe
  • ethical issues (polio only infects humans)
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73
Q

what is a method used to improve compliance with TB antibiotics?

A

Direct Observational Therapy Short Course (DOTS)

deliver antibiotics daily and ensure compliance

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74
Q

Rubella (german measles)

type of disease, genome type, s/s, transmission, RISK FACTOR, where is it found, vaccine

A
  • airborne viral disease
  • ssRNA
    • highly infectious; mildest rash-forming virus
  • endemic worldwide
    • eradicated from U.S. in 2004
  • s/s: low fever, rash (2-3 days), cold-like
    • 50% asymptomatic
  • transmission: airborne and urine
  • risk factor: prenatal transmission
    • 85% of babies born to mothers who has rubella in the first 3 mo of pregnancy have defect
  • MMR vaccine
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75
Q
A
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76
Q

virulence

A
  • refers to the severity of the disease
  • measured by the proportion of total cases with overt infection divided by the total number of infected cases
  • if fatal, use case fatality rate
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77
Q

Hib infections include…

A
  • meningitis
  • bacteremia
  • pneumonia
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78
Q

drug resistance in TB

A
  • multiple drug-resistant (MDR)
    • resistant to INH and RIF
  • extremely drug-resistant (XDR)
    • ​reisistant to multiple treatments; rare but increasing
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79
Q

Exotoxins

A
  • offensive strategy
  • proteins synthesized by the microbe and secreted into the host’s tissues
  • examples:
    • cytotoxins - kill or damage cells
    • neurotoxins - block nerve impulse transmission
    • enterotoxins - affect cells lining GI tract
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80
Q

Enterobiasis

type of disease, cause, where its found, transmission, s/s, tx, dx

A
  • “pinworm disease”
  • roundworm disease
  • caused by Enterobius vermicularis
    • most common helminthic disease in the U.S.
  • transmission: direct contact, bedclothes, inhalation
  • s/s: anal itch
  • drug treatment is effective
  • dx. scotch tape test
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81
Q

Giardiasis

type of disease, microorganism that causes it, how common is it, s/s, dx, tx, life cycle, portal of entry and exit, ID

A
  • foodborne and waterborne protozoan disease
  • cause - Giardia lamblia or G. duodenalis
    • flagellated protozoan
  • one of the most common waterborne diseases in the U.S.
  • transmission -
    • swallow cysts in contaminated water
    • fecal-oral route (day care, veggies)
  • ID ~10 cysts
    • shed 1-10 billion cysts daily in feces
  • chlorine resistant
  • life cycle -
    • cysts enter body by oral route -> sexually reproduce into trophozoites -> trophozoites attach to intestinal lining by sucking disks -> defecated out (don’t survive long in environment)
  • s/s - fatty stool (steatorrhea)
    • begin 1-3 wks after infection
    • self limiting ~10 days
  • tx - drug treatments (i.e. metronidazole)
  • dx - 3 stool samples (phases of shedding)
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82
Q

cryptococcosis

type of disease, where it is found, pathogens, s/s, tx, dx, at risk

A
  • reportable in Oregon and Washington
  • fungal disease
  • s/s - flu-like
    • can disseminate to other organs
    • inflammation of brain and meninges
  • pathogens -
    • Cryptococcus neoformans
      • found in soil
      • transmit by inhalation
      • causes cryptococcal meningitis (sub-saharan africa)
      • laten infection or symptomatic disease
    • C. gattii
      • ​symptoms 2-14 mos after exposure
  • at risk - immunocompromised
  • dx - microscope, culture (cannot distinguish between two species)
  • tx - antifungal for at least 6 mos
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83
Q

sterilization

A

kills everything (usually >6 logs), including spores

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84
Q

how are viruses selected each year for the influenza vaccine?

A
  • send viruses to 5 reference labs:
    • Atlanta, Georgia
    • London
    • Melbourne, Australia
    • Tokyo, Japan
    • Beijing, China
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85
Q

foodborne infection

A
  • bacteria multiply in the intestinal tract and secrete enterotoxin
  • cause n/v, diarrhea, possible bloody stools
  • symptoms as early as one hour after eating to as late as 10 days
    • can last from one day to months
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86
Q
A

kissing bug that spreads chaga’s disease

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87
Q
A

sand fly that transmits Leishmaniasis

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88
Q

Drug resistant bacterial diseases

A
  • tuberculosis
  • gonorrhea
  • staphylococcal infection
  • shigellosis
  • typhoid fever
  • pneumococcal pneumonia
  • enterococcal infection
  • acinetobacter infection
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89
Q

John Snow

A
  • 1849
  • cholera outbreak in Broad Street, London
    • linked to contaminated water supplies
    • removed handle from pump -> decrease in cholera
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90
Q

schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

type of disease, what causes it, s/s, place it occurs, portal of entry and exit, dx, tx

A
  • flat worm (fluke) infection - most important
  • malaria is the only nastier parasitic infection
  • caused by blood flukes
    • Schistosoma japonicum
    • S. haematobium
    • S. mansoni (associated with hepatosplenic disease)
  • many countries, but not present in the U.S.
    • requires freshwater snail host
  • portal of entry: penetrate the skin of bathers and migrate into the blood vessels
    • adult worms escape detection by coating themselves with host antigens
    • can infect primary organs
    • can have infection for years
    • worms feed on blood (heart and liver)
  • portal of exit: feces and urine
  • s/s: itchy, flu-like
    • major - damage to liver, intestine, bladder (distended abdomen)
    • rare - move to brain or spinal cord
  • dx. find eggs in urine or stool (multiple days)
    • serum testing for antibodies (6-8 wk post infection)
  • tx. available
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91
Q

Drug resistant viral diseases

A
  • HIV
  • hep B
  • hep C
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92
Q

4 classifications of fungal diseases

A
  • superficial mycoses
  • subcutaneous mycoses
  • mucocutaneous mycoses
  • deep mycoses
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93
Q

antibiotic therapy for TB and what is an issue?

A
  • primary infection: isoniazid - 6 mos
  • primary active TB disease: antibiotic combination for 6-9 mos
    • combinations include isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), streptomycin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide daily 2 mos; then INH + RIF daily 4 mos
    • possible toxicity
  • compliance, affordability, and access are an issues
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94
Q

what type of virus is this?

A

ebola

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95
Q

diagnosis of TB

A
  • Tuberculin skin test (Tst)
    • purified protein derivative (PPD) is injected
    • examine site after 48-72 hrs
    • lesion >5 mm is positive (just means previous exposure)
  • chest x-ray
  • sputum test
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96
Q

smallpox history

A
  • described 10,000 years ago
  • pox scars on mummy of Pharaoh Ramses V from 1157 B.C.
  • biowarfare - british troops gave contaminated blankets to native americans
  • edward jenner developed the vaccine in 1796 - “first vaccine”
  • only disease agent to be eradicated
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97
Q

measures taken to reduce numbers of new HIV diagnosis

A
  • alert physicians by sending letters
  • PrEP recommendation for HIV-negative, high risk contacts
  • increased prevention, testing, and education efforts
  • decrease stigma around homosexuality
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98
Q

reproduction rate (R0)

A
  • measure of the potential for transmission
  • mean number of secondary cases, occurring in a nonimmunized population in the wake of a particular infection
    • factors to consider: population density, duration of contagiousness
    • R0 must be >1 to spread; <1 will die out
  • directly linked to herd immunity
  • can have high R0 and low virulence, vice versa
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99
Q

why are there so many new flu strains?

A
  • RNA virus so no proof-reading in replication -> random replication errors
    • 109 in host, so 1/1,000,000,000 means every host has 1 mutant
  • 8 segments -> reassortment
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100
Q

fish tapeworm

portal of entry and exit, where its found, what it leads to

A
  • Diphyllobothrium latum - largest parasite that infects humans (30 ft)
  • portal of entry: eating raw and undercooked freshwater fish that contain fish tapeworm cysts
  • rivers or lakes worldwide
  • portal of exit: stool
  • may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia
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101
Q

viruses

unicellular, multicellular, or acellular?

submicroscopic or microscopic?

genome?

examples?

A
  • acellular
  • genome RNA or DNA
  • obligate intracellular parasite
  • submicroscopic
  • examples: HIV/AIDS, measles, rabies
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102
Q

biology of fungi

eucaryotic or prokaryotic?

unicellular or multicellular?

forms?

life cycle?

how many species? how many cause disease?

A
  • eucaryotic
  • unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds)
  • microscopic (yeasts)
  • complex life cycles (asexual/sexual)
    • mode of multiplication - spore formation
    • inhaled or land on skin
  • over 50,000 species of fungi
    • only about 25 cause disease
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103
Q

disinfection

A

kills all but spores (usually 5 logs)

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104
Q

Salmonellosis

cause, treatment, carriers of salmonella, type of disease

A
  • Salmonella (g- bacilli)
  • tx. antibiotics not necessary unless spreads from intestines
  • carriers: iguanas, lizards, snakes, turtles
  • symptom: Salmonella enteritidis
  • foodborne and waterborne bacterial disease
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105
Q

Algae

unicellular, multicellular, or acellular?

prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

submicroscopic or microscopic?

genome?

replication?

metabolism?

cell wall or no cell wall?

A
  • unicellular or multicellular
  • eucaryotic
  • microscopic (unicellular only)
  • DNA genome
  • asexual replication
  • cell wall
  • metabolism - photoautotrophs
  • not infectious; some produce neurotoxin
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106
Q

foodborne and waterborne bacterial diseases (3 food intoxications and 7 food poisoning)

A
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107
Q

portal of entry and portal of exit

A
  • portal of entry important for outcome of infection
  • portal of exit required for transmission to a new host
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108
Q

Hepatitis A

type of genome, s/s, transmission, dx, vaccination

A
  • +ssRNA
  • s/s: mild, abrupt onset
    • jaundice, n/v, dark urine
    • many asymptomatic
  • transmission: fecal-oral
  • dx: detect antibodies in blood
  • vaccine available
    • 2 dose series 12-23 mos
  • foodborne and waterborne virus
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109
Q

chronic carrier

A

harbor pathogen for long periods of time after recovery, without ever becoming ill again

do not transmit

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110
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides

type of disease, where it occurs, portal of entry and exit, tx, s/s, how common is it

A
  • roundworm disease
  • most common human worm infection
    • infects ~25% of world’s population
    • tropics and subtropics
    • 50% of children infected in southeast U.S.
  • infects small intestine
  • many asymptomatic
    • mild abdominal discomfort
    • damage to lungs may occur
    • severe cases - malnutrition, suffocation, intestinal obstruction, impaired growth, invade gallbladder and liver, death
  • portal of exit: feces
  • portal of entry: ingestion (hands or food contaminated with dirt containing feces)
  • tx. chemo medication
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111
Q

biological indicators

A
  • Bacillus sterothermophilus heat-resistant
  • Bacillus subtilis chemical resistant
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112
Q

Tularemia (rabbit fever)

type of disease, cause, virulence, transmission, s/s, can be used as, tx, vaccine

A
  • airborne bacterial disease
  • zoonotic disease
  • Francisella tularensis (g- bacillus)
  • highly virulent and low ID
  • Reservoirs: small animals
  • transmission:
    • inhalation
    • contact w/ infected animals
    • ingestion of contaminated food or water
    • tick bites (most common)
  • s/s - depends on how it enters the body (ulceroglandular/glandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, pneumonic)
    • high fever 104ºF
  • potential biological weapon
  • tx: antibiotics for 10-21 days
    • vaccine for high-risk
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113
Q

antiviral mechanisms (5)

A
  • Neuraminidase inhibitor
    • tamiflu (zanamivir). BTA938 is better
    • attach to receptors on virion so new virions can’t be released
  • attachment inhibitor
    • anitbodies
  • RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor
    • ribavirin
  • protease inhibitor
    • in HAART for HIV
  • reverse transcriptase inhibitor (HIV)
    • originally AZT
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114
Q

Pertussis - Whooping cough

type of disease, causing agent, reservoir, damage, prevalence, where its found in the world, tx, prevention

A
  • airborne bacterial disase (upper respiratory)
  • Bordetella pertussis (g- coccobacillus)
  • humans are only reservoir
  • very contagious!
  • exotoxin damages ciliated cells in airway
  • reemerging disease
  • endemic in U.S.
    • ​epidemic q3-5 yrs
  • tx: antibiotics (but cough will persist)
  • prevention: vaccination (DTaP)
    • booster every 10 years
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115
Q

capsules as defensive stategy and examples

A
  • removal of the capsule makes bacteria more susceptible to phagocytosis
  • examples: Anthrax, plague, streptococcal diseases (i.e. scarlet fever, “strep” throat, pneumococcal infection)
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116
Q

symbiosis

A

“living together”

an association between two or more species (i.e. mutualism, parasitism, commensalism)

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117
Q

toxigenicity

A
  • the capacity of the agent to produce a toxin or poison (i.e. Clostridium botulinum)
  • = # affected / # exposed
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118
Q

2015 HIV outbreak

what intervention was used?

A
  • Scott County, Indiana
    • socio-economic factors (unemployment, uneducated, poverty)
    • up to 3 generations injecting together (oxymorphone)
    • ~93% hep C coinfection
  • 181 outbreak-related HIV infections identified in about one year
  • intervention:
    • contact tracing
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119
Q

what is the singular purpose of a virus?

A

replicate themselves as many times as possible and destroy cells in its pathway

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120
Q

what type of virus is this?

A

rotavirus

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121
Q

In Utah, HIV is commonly coinfected with what disease?

A

primary and secondary syphillus infections

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122
Q

malaria

type of disease, causing agent, mortality, s/s, transmission, tx, dx, prevention, where is this disease found in the world

A
  • arthropod vector disease
  • s/s - multiple episodes of flu-like symptoms
    • 85% of deaths in children
    • cerebral malaria 1-2% mortality rate
  • ancient disease
  • cause - Plasmodium spp.
    • non-motile protozoan
    • four major species: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale
      • ​P. falciparum causes cerebral malaria
  • transmission - anopheles mosquito (primary host)
    • humans are secondary host
  • tx. anti-malarial drugs - chloroquine
  • infect RBCs
  • significant in sub-saharan africa
  • dx. blood smear
  • prevention
    • spraying
    • mosquito nets
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123
Q

passive immunization

A
  • preformed antibodies - immune serum or immunoglobulin
    • antibodies (antitoxin or anti-venom) present immediately
    • short-lived, no memory
  • serum sickness due to immune reaction
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124
Q

roundworms (nematodes)

A
  • enterobius vermicularis (pinworms)
  • ascaris lumbricoides
  • trichinellosis
  • trichuris trichuria
  • hookworms
  • lymphatic filariasis - elephatiasis
  • onchocera volvulus - river blindness
  • dracanculus medinensis - guinea worm
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125
Q

Aspergillosis

type of disease, where is it found, at risk, s/s, dx, tx, incidence, mortality rate

A
  • fungal disease
  • found - indoors and outdoors
  • at risk - immunocompromised (ashma, transplants, cystic fibrosis, chemo, HIV)
  • rare; not reportable
  • mortality 100% (death in weeks)
  • s/s -
    • allergic bronchopulmonary signs (wheezing, coughing)
    • invasive aspergillosis symptoms (fever, shortness of breath, aspergilloma)
  • dx - chest x-ray, CT, biopsies
  • tx - antifungal meds (Amphotericin B and itraconazole)
    • usually ineffective
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126
Q

active carrier vs healthy carrier (reservoirs of infection)

A
  • active carriers - individuals who have a microbial disease
  • healthy carriers - have no symptoms but still transmit
    • typhoid mary (mary mallon)
    • continue to harbor the microbe after recovery
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127
Q

Naegleria fowleri

where is this disease found, fatality, transmission, s/s, dx, tx, prevalence

A
  • primary amebic meningoencephalitis
    • brain-eating amoeba!
      • affects nasal passages
  • typical in southeast
    • warm or hot freshwater around the world
    • rare
  • transmission - contact with contaminated water but NOT INGESTION
  • chlorine resistant
  • death within 10-12 days
    • ​almost 100% fatal
  • s/s -
    • stage 1 - headache, nausea
    • stage 2 - stiff neck, seizures, hallucinations (looks like meningitis)
  • dx - organism in CSF, PCR
  • investigational drug - CDC miltefosine
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128
Q

active immunization

A
  • stimulates immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells
    • natural active immunity
    • artificial active immunity
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129
Q

Enterovirus EV-D68

s/s, how common is it

A
  • uncommon
    • related to rhinovirus and poliovirus
  • s/s: respiratory (worse than a cold)
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130
Q

six factors responsible for emerging infections

A
  • world population growth
  • urbanization
  • ecological disturbances
  • technological advances
  • microbial evolution and adaptation
  • human behavior and attitudes
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131
Q

Encephalitis-causing arboviruses

types, where they are found, type of virus, surveillance, reservoirs and dead-end hosts

A
  • west nile fever, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, colorado tick fever
  • U.S.
  • all are RNA viruses
  • viruses cycle between wild animals (primarily birds and mosquitos) with humans and horses serving as dead-end hosts
  • surveillance -
    • test adult mosquitos
    • draw blood from chicken populations
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132
Q

how many hospitalized patients will contract a hospital-acquired infection?

A

1 out of 20

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133
Q

DTaP <7 years

A

5 dose series

2 mos

4 mos

6 mos

15-18 mos

4-6 yrs

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134
Q

lymph

A

fluid derived from blood and drains back into blood

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135
Q

waxy coat

A
  • defensive virulence strategy
  • interferes with phagocytosis
  • example: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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136
Q

clonal selection theory

A

explains how antigens select the appropriate B cells for activation and clonal expansion as plasma cells

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137
Q

Staphylococci

type of disease, type of bacteria, where it normally resides, what does it cause

A
  • bacterial contact disease
  • g+ cocci
  • normal flora
    • harmless unless skin barrier is broken down
  • causes:
    • purulent (pus containing) skin lesions, pimples, boils, carbuncles
    • can progress to systemic infections
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138
Q

Cholera intoxication

cause, how common is it, characteristic, tx, type of disease

A
  • caused by exotoxin secreted by Vibrio cholerae (g- curved rod)
  • pandemics over the centuries
    • rare in U.S.
  • characteristic: rice water diarrhea
  • oral rehydration therapy can save lives
  • foodborne and waterborne bacterial disease
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139
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A
  • mid 1800s
  • “savior of mothers”
  • antiseptic procedures
    • suggested that childbed fever resulted from physicians not washing their hands after dissections
    • could not “prove” and was disregarded
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140
Q
A

Salmonella (g- bacilli)

causes Salmonellosis

bacterial foodborne and waterborne infection

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141
Q

lyme disease

type of disease, causing agent, s/s, tx, dx, where its found in the world, prevalence, life cycle

A
  • arthropod vector disease
  • cause - Borrelia burgdorferi
    • ​gram neg. spirochete
  • tickborne zoonosis
    • worldwide
      • worst vectorborne disease in U.S. (morbidity)
      • high incidence in Maine
    • first found in Old Lyme, Connecticut
  • s/s - flu-like, long-lasting, “bull’s-eye” skin rash, arthritis
  • dx - history, blood tests
  • tx - early tx with antibiotics leads to quick recovery
    • vaccine under development
  • complex 2 year life cycle
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142
Q

Herpes simplex virus

cause, presentation, incubation, dx, tx, race/ethnicity rates

A
  • caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 and type 1
  • leading cause of genital ulcer disease worldwide
  • incubation: ~4 days
  • presentation:
    • genital ulcurs, pain, itching, dysuria, discharge
  • dx: type-specific IgG-based assay
  • tx: antivirals (acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir)
  • rates:
    • non-hispanic blacks the most infected
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143
Q

Gastroenteritis

type of disease, symptoms, causes

A
  • s/s: stomach and abd pain/camps, diarrhea, vomiting
  • caused by viruses: rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus
  • foodborne and waterborne viral disease
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144
Q

What types of human behaviors and attitudes have contributed to emerging infections?

A
  • complacency - false assumption that prevention and control are no longer necessary
    • examples: threatened resurgence of AIDS, lack of compliance with immunizations
  • human migration
    • internally displaced persons lack water, shelter, food, and hygiene = increased infection
    • refugees transmit infection from native lands
  • societal factors
    • ​day care
    • increased elderly population
    • globalization of food supply
    • tattooing and body piercings
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145
Q

acute schistosomiasis

another name, type of disease, s/s

A
  • ‘Katayama’ fever
  • flat worm (fluke) disease
  • s/s: resembles ‘serum sickness’
    • often asymptomatic
    • flu-like; extreme cases - diarrhea (last weeks to months)
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146
Q

Measles, mumps, and rubella are caused by a specific virus in the family.

A

paramyxoviridae

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147
Q

toxoplasmosis

type of disease, reservoir and host, microorganism that causes it, where its found in the world, prevalence, s/s, tx, at risk, transmission, life cycle

A
  • foodborne and waterborne protozoan disease
  • cause - Toxoplasma gondii
    • non-motile protozoan
  • worldwide zoonosis
    • domestic and wild cats are primary reservoir and host
    • rare
  • transmission - ingestion of oocysts in cat feces or eating undercooked meats
  • s/s -
    • usually asymptomatic or mild (sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes)
  • at risk - pregnant women, immunocompromised (invasion of the brain)
  • tx - drugs for up to 1 yr
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148
Q

pre-exposure prophylaxis

A

HIV prevention strategy

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149
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

type of disease, dx, s/s, two common causes (tx, at risk, vaccine, carriers)

A
  • airborne bacterial disease
  • inflammation of meninges
  • diagnose early
  • s/s: cold-like, possible delirium, stiffness in neck and back
    • 10-15% death rate w/ tx
    • 11-19% long-term disabilities
  • two most common causes:
    • Neisseria meningitidis (g- diplococcus)
      • 10% carriers
      • person-to-person respiratory transmission
      • tx: meningococcemia, antibiotic therapy
      • at risk: college students (prophylaxis antibiotics)
      • vaccine recommended for ages 10-25
        • protects against three serotypes (B, C, Y)
    • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (g- bacillus)
      • at risk: children <5
      • vaccine has decreased incidence
      • 10% healthy people carry Hib in nose and throat
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150
Q

viral genome replication for dsDNA

A
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151
Q

influenza surface antigenic protein spikes

A
  • H (hemagglutinin) spikes
    • 18 subtypes (H1 - H18)
  • N (neuraminidase) spikes
    • 9 subtypes (N1 - N9)
  • specific antibodies against the H and N proteins are protective, but these proteins are capable of rapid evolutionary change
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152
Q

colorado tick fever

type of disease, where its prevalent

A
  • encephalitis-causing arboviruses
  • transmission - ticks
  • prevalent in mountain forest environments at high altitudes
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153
Q

primary and secondary syphilis

A
  • caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum
  • incubation: ~3 weeks
  • presentation:
    • chancres (sores)
    • rash
  • dx: site specific
    • urine
    • swabs
  • tx: Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM
    • no sex for 1 week
  • rates:
    • U.S. higher than UT
    • increasing
    • males more infected than females
    • age 20-24
    • MSM cases increasing
    • coinfects with HIV (decreasing)
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154
Q

E. Coli O157:H7

syndrome is causes, type of disease

A
  • foodborne and waterborne bacterial disease
  • Hemolytic uremic syndrome may result in death in children <5
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155
Q

Hep B vaccine

A

3 doses

birth

1-2 mos

6-18 mos

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156
Q

diseases spread by culex

A
  • west nile
  • elephantiasis
  • st. louis encephalitis
  • eastern equine encephalitis
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157
Q

west nile fever

type of disease, where its found in the world, prevalence, symptoms, affected

A
  • encephalitis-causing arboviruses
  • emerging disease in the U.S.
  • mammals are susceptible
  • usually no sympoms
    • if symptoms are present, it’s usually severe (paralysis)
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158
Q

triazoles

A
  • antifungal drug
  • ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor
  • fluconazole, itraconazole
159
Q

What percentage of the human population lives in less developed countries?

A

80%

160
Q

Retroviruses

A
  • use reverse transcriptase (make DNA from RNA)
  • examples: HIV, SIV, HTLV-1
161
Q

Salmonella typhi

s/s, tx, prevention

A
  • organism invades cells lining small intestines, causing ulcers, bloody stools, fever, possible delirium
  • tx: antibiotics, wash hands
  • prevention: two vaccines available - neither 100% effective and requires repeated immunization
162
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever

type of disease, causing agent, transmission, s/s, tx, dx

A
  • arthropod vector disease
  • cause - Rickettsia rickettsii
  • transmission - tick bite
  • s/s - flu-like, distinct rash
    • fatal in first 8 days if untreated
  • hard to dx
    • diagnostic tests can appear negative in first 10 days
  • tx - antibiotic (doxycycline)
163
Q

transmission and infectivity of TB

A
  • transmitted by droplets
    • bacilli have waxy outer coats that protect from drying out
  • moderately infectious
    • 20-30% of people exposed to active case will become infected
    • may have to have repeated exposures
164
Q

importance of pH in food safety

A
  • acidic pH <4.0 will only grow fungi but not bacteria
  • bacterial spores do not germinate in acidic environments
165
Q

why do we catch a cold or flu when it’s cold outside?

A
  • dry membranes (15% relative humidity)
  • forced inside (less fresh air and more crowded)
  • down-regulated immune system (less exercise and less positive)
166
Q

post exposure prophylaxis

A

HIV prevention strategy

80% effective

167
Q

Hepatitis E

genome type, transmission, countries is it found, vaccine, presentation

A
  • ssRNA
  • transmission: fecal-oral
  • uncommon in U.S.
    • endemic in Africa, India, Asia, Central America
  • No vaccine
    • ​recently recommended but low risk?
  • foodborne and waterborne virus
  • presentation similar to Hep A
168
Q

foodborne and waterborne protozoan diseases (4)

A
  • giardiasis
  • amebiasis
  • sporozoa
  • toxoplasmosis
169
Q

monkeypox

A
  • milder symptoms than small pox
  • fatal in Africa
  • transmission: animal bites, contact with animal blood, fluids, rash, person-to-person (droplets and face-to-face contact)
170
Q

Endotoxin

A
  • offensive strategy
  • part of the lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of gram negative cells
  • it causes shock, chills, fever, weakness, small blood clots, possibly death
171
Q

disinfection methods

A
  • chemical disinfection
    • lysol phenolic
  • desiccation (drying)
    • kills most enveloped viruses and vegetative bacteria
    • microbial safety of dry desert climates like UT
  • alcohol
    • kills enveloped viruses immediated
    • non-enveloped viruses - no or very long contact time
    • vegetative bacteria - 30-120 seconds contact
    • spore-forming bacteria - never
  • boiling
    • 10 minutes destroys exotoxins
    • kills fungi and vegetative bacteria
    • does not kill spores
172
Q

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide

A

second

173
Q

epidemiology

A

an investigative branch of medicine that deals with the source, cause, and possible control of infectious disease and other public health problems

174
Q

endemic

A
  • classification of disease
  • regularly found at a steady level in a particular location
  • i.e. common cold
175
Q

more virulent = low and high

A

more virulent = low ID and high LD

ID and VD are usually inversely correlated

176
Q

Botulinum toxin vs tetanus toxin

A
  • Botulinum toxin causes flaccid muscle paralysis
  • Tetanus toxin causes stiffness
  • Exotoxins
177
Q

two types of epidemic

A
  • common source - involves contact with a single contamination source
  • propagated - results from person-to-person contact (i.e. mumps, chicken pox)
    • pandemics are typically propagated
178
Q

Chickenpox (varicella)

type of disease, genome type, s/s, tx, vaccine, transmission, where it occurs, host

A
  • ariborne viral disease
  • varicella zoster (dsDNA herpes virus)
  • s/s: high fever, tired, headache
    • rash that turns blisters to scabs
  • transmission: airborne
  • tx: acetaminophen (non-aspirin)
    • aspirin and chickenpox associated with Reye’s syndrome
  • usually occurs in children
    • still prevalent worldwide
    • can cross placenta
  • vaccine:
    • zostovax (live, attenuated) - 1994; requires booster
    • 2010 - MMRV available
  • humans are the only host
179
Q

how are commercial foods preserved? (6)

A
  • desiccation
  • osmotic pressure
  • fermentation
  • heat
  • pasteurization
    • 105 bacteria/mL after, but no coliforms
    • old way - 60ºC for 30 min
    • high temp short time - 72ºC for 15 sec
    • ultra high temp - 140ºC for 4 sec (flavor change)
  • irradiation sterilization
180
Q

Tdap (> 7 yrs) vaccine

A

11-12 yrs

in adulthood, 1 dose Tdap, then Td booster every 10 years

181
Q

Clostridium perfringens

type of disease, source

A
  • food intoxication (foodborne and waterborne bacterial disease)
  • source: meat, poultry, beans
182
Q

cell culture antiviral assays (FYI)

A
183
Q

Prions

unicellular, multicellular, or acellular?

submicroscopic or microscopic?

genome?

replication?

examples?

A
  • acellular
  • infectious protein particles
  • no genome
  • submicroscopic
  • reproduce by physically interacting with a normal protein and converting it to the infectious form
  • diseases: mad cow disease, scrapies
184
Q

penetration in viral replication

A
  • strategies of delivering genome to cytoplasm:
    • nucleic acid alone enters the cell (i.e. phage, polio)
    • for some enveloped viruses (i.e. measles, mumps) the viral and cell membranes fuse to release nucleocapsid
    • for other enveloped viruses (i.e. poxviruses, influenza) the entire virion is endocytosed
185
Q

MERS = middle eastern respiratory syndrome

A
  • like SARS
    • current
  • 35% mortality rate
  • found in 27 countries
  • likely zoonotic (from camels)
186
Q

virus classification based on nucleic acid composition (5 dsDNA, 7 ssRNA, 2 dsRNA)

A
187
Q

prokaryote vs eukaryote

A
  • prokaryote - no internal compartments; no nucleus
  • eukaryote - membrane-bound compartments
188
Q

what do anti-HIV therapies target?

A
  • HIV adsorption
  • entry of reverse transcriptase
  • assembly of new virions
189
Q
A

Campylobacter jejuni (g- bacillus, curved)

causes Campylobacteriosis

bacterial foodborne and waterborne disease

190
Q

chronic hepatosplenic schistosomiasis

A
  • flat worm (fluke) disease
  • seen a few years after infection
  • granulomas around eggs trapped in liver => fibrosis
191
Q

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

type of disease, genome type, first reported, s/s, transmission, dx, strain and fatality rate, who does it affect

A
  • airborne viral disease
  • ssRNA
    • known as hemorrhagic viruses in Africa
    • first reported in four corner areas of the U.S.
  • s/s: early symptoms are severe flu-like
    • late symptoms: lungs fill with fluid
  • Sin Nombre strain attacks lungs - 38% fatality rate (death within days)
  • affects young, healthy adults
  • carried by rodents
    • transmission: aerosolized feces, salive, urine of rodents; not person-to-person
  • dx: difficult (looks like flu)
    • hantavirus specific IgM, RNA by RT-PCR
192
Q

drug resistant fungal diseases

A
  • aspergillosis
  • candidiasis
  • cryptococcosis
193
Q

airborne bacterial diseases

A
194
Q

nucleocapsid

A

viral proteins + genome

195
Q

yellow fever

type of disease, where its found in the world, vector, reservoir, s/s, tx, vaccination, mortality rate

A
  • arthropod viral disease
    • RNA virus
  • cause - Aedes aegypti
  • New Orleans was last site of U.S. epidemic
    • south and central america, africa
  • reservoirs - monkeys
  • s/s - flu-like, jaundice
    • within a week infected person is either dead or recovering (20-20% mortality rate)
  • immunization available for travelers (very effective)
  • nearly 100% fatal (no good treatments)
196
Q

what are antigens?

A

large foreign-proteins associated with microbes, tumor cells, pollen, dust, food, etc.

197
Q

MMR vaccine

A

2 dose series

12-15 mos

4-6 yrs

1 or 2 doses (19-60 yrs)

198
Q

biology of protozoans

eucaryotic or prokaryotic?

how many species? distribution?

life cycle?

A
  • eucaryotic
  • worldwide ~20,000 species
    • few are pathogenic
  • complicated life cycle; more than one host
    • encystation forms a dormant cyst
    • excystation to the trophozoite form occurs after ingestion and is in the reproductive and feeding stage
199
Q

polio virus

genome type, s/s, transmission, vaccine, dx, risk factors

A
  • +ssRNA
  • s/s: ~70% asymptomatic
    • minor symptoms (flu-like)
    • <1% paralysis (some die from paralysis of respiratory muscles)
  • transmission: person-to-person (fecal-oral)
  • only affects humans
  • dx: stool sample or throat test
  • vaccine: salk vaccine (killed virus) -> sabin vaccine (live, attenuated)
    • 4 dose vaccine schedule - 2 mo, 4 mo, 6-18 mo, booster 4-6 yrs
  • risk factors: travel, working in lab or healthcare
  • causes disease poliomyletis
    • foodborne and waterborne viral disease
  • close to eradication
200
Q

5 stages of viral replication cycle

A
201
Q

first exposure of TB

A
  • first exposure of TB results in a primary infection (usually asymptomatic)
  • usually in the lungs, but can also occur in the skin, brain, spinal cord, kidney, and bone
  • immune cells usually fight off the bacilli in the granulomas 90% of the time
202
Q

Listeriosis

type of disease, cause, distribution, source, s/s, tx, at risk

A
  • foodborne and waterborne bacterial disease
  • Listeria monocytogenes (g+ bacillus)
  • distributed worldwide
  • souce: cold cuts, hot dogs, soft cheeses - grows under refrigeration
  • s/s: fever, muscle aches, stiff neck - blood and spinal fluid have bacteria
  • tx: antibiotics
  • at risk: pregnant women, infants, elderly, immunocompromised
203
Q

virulence mechanisms of eucaryotic microbes (including helminths)

A

combination of offensive and defensive strategies described for bacteria (adhesins, toxins, antigenic variation, etc.)

204
Q

white nose syndrome

type of disease, pathogen, what does it cause, what species does it affect

A
  • environmental fungi disease
  • pathogen - Pseudogymnoascus destructans
  • affects bats
  • causes fungal growth on muzzle and wings, skin erosion, and abnormal behavior
205
Q

American trypanosomiasis (chaga’s disease)

type of disease, causing agent, where it occurs in the world, prevalence, s/s, transmission, vector, reservoir, prevention

A
  • arthropod vector disease
  • cause - Trypanosoma cruzi
    • flagellated protozoan
  • occurs in central and south america
    • millions infected
  • reservoirs - wild animals
  • vector - “kissing bug” (triatomid)
    • live in roofs and huts, feed at night
    • defecates as it bites, then trypanosomes spread into skin from scratching
      • transmission also by blood transfusion and organ transplant
  • s/s
    • more mild than african trypanosomiasis
    • 1-2% swollen eyelids (Romaña’s sign)
    • slow, widespread tissue damage; heart failure within 30 yrs if untreated
  • prevention
    • spraying
    • replacing roofs with metal
206
Q

amebiasis

type of disease, microorganism that causes it, where in the world its found and what environment, prevalence, fatality rate, s/s, tx, dx, life cycle

A
  • foodborne and waterborne protozoan disease
  • causes - Entamoeba histolytica
  • worldwide
  • chlorine resistant
  • one of the most common parasitic disease
    • ​10% fatality
  • found in water
  • s/s -
    • 90% asymptomatic or mild
    • severe dysentery
    • deep ulcers and invade other parts of body; hepatitis
  • tx - several drugs
  • dx - trophozoites or cysts in fecal smears
  • life cycle -
    • 2 pathways:
      • invasive infection - enters blood and infects liver, brain, lungs
      • noninvasive infection - cysts exits host in stool
207
Q

chronic intestinal schistosomiasis

type of disease, s/s

A
  • flat worm (fluke) disease
  • manifests years after infection
  • s/s: fibrosis, lesions on small and large intestines
  • granulomas
208
Q

What kind of infectious diseases can come about from organ transplants or invasive medical procedures (i.e. biopsy)?

A
  • HIV
  • chagas’ disease
209
Q

Leptospirosis - swamp fever

type of disease, pathogen, where it is most common, transmission, symptoms, tx

A
  • soilborne bacterial disease
  • Leptospira iterrogans (spirochete)
  • notifiable
  • transmission: urine (but not person-to-person)
    • ​penetrate skin and enter blood stream
  • s/s: mistake for other illnesses…
    • 1st phase: flu-like symptoms, jaundice
    • 2nd phase: kidney or liver failure or meningitis
  • tx: antibiotics
  • most common in tropical countries (50% in HI)
210
Q

viral replication assembly

A

once the parts are made (proteins, genome, etc.) they “self-assemble” to make new virons

211
Q

parasitism definition and example

A

an association in which the parasite lives at the expense of the host

i.e. all microbial pathogens

212
Q

antibiotics produced by fungi

A
  • penicillin from Penicillium notatum
  • streptomycin from Streptomycin griseus
213
Q

T-cell subsets

A
214
Q

Adsorption in viral replication

A
  • virus docks with specific cell surface receptors
  • recognition specificity establishes host range
215
Q

Babesiosis

type of disease, casing agents, where its most common in the world, transmission, reservoirs, what does it infect, s/s

A
  • arthropod vector disease
  • cause - Babesia microti and B. divergens
    • ​B. divergens is fatal if untreated (good tx available)
    • B. microti is seldom fatal in healthy people
  • most common in tropical and semitropical areas
    • threat to other countries, including U.S.
    • issue around southern border (reduce with insecticides)
  • transmission - ticks
  • reservoirs - rodents, cattle, wild animals
  • invade RBCs (misdiagnose as malaria)
  • s/s - asymptomatic or flu-like; carrier state may develop
216
Q

vector-borne diseases account for what percent of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases?

A

17%

217
Q

How has microbial evolution and adaptation contributed to emerging infections?

A
  • the appearance of resistant bacteria is due to adaptation and selection, which is accelerated by misuse
    • prescribing antibiotics for viral illness (i.e. flu or cold)
    • failure to complete drug regimen
218
Q

what type of virus is this?

A

zika

219
Q

the chance of acquiring an infection depends on three major factors. what are they?

A
  1. (n) dose - the number of microbes encountered
  2. (V) virulence - virulence factors
  3. (R) resistance - host immunity
220
Q

viral classificiation

A
  • host cell: (microbe, plant, or animal)
    • bacterial viruses are termed bacteriophage or phage
    • issue is that viruses can infect multiple hosts
  • clinical: organ or organ system
    • issue is that viruses can infect multiple organs and organ systems
  • structure: by type of nucleic acid and shape
    • start classification with this
  • replication cycle is also used to assist with classification
221
Q

opisthorchis sinensis

type of disease, cause, where in the body is it found, prevalence, where its found in the world, what can it cause, portal of entry and exit, s/s, dx

A
  • asian/chinese liver fluke
  • flat worm (fluke) disease
  • found in bile duct and gall bladder (feeds on bile)
  • third most prevalent worm parasite
    • endemic in China (85%), Japan, Taiwan, SE Asia
  • capable of causing cancer
  • portal of entry: eating raw or undercooked fish
  • portal of exit: feces
  • s/s: most asymptomatic
  • dx. eggs in stool
222
Q

sterilization methods (6)

A
  • dry heat
    • 160ºC for 2 hrs, 170ºC for 1 hr
  • steam (delivers heat faster)
    • 121ºC for >20 minutes
    • AT THE CORE
  • ethylene oxide gas for heat sensitive plastics
    • disadvantage - slow and toxic
  • radiation (e-beam or gamma)
  • filtration
    • 0.2 micron is considered a sterilizing filter
    • i.e. tylenol liquid
    • good for liquids that are heat labile
  • chemical sterilization
    • hospital solutions
    • chlorox 5-10%
223
Q

Community-acquired MRSA infection

how many people are carriers, type of disease, symptoms, tx, prevention

A
  • bacterial contact disease
  • 2% carry
  • prevent by good hygience
  • s/s: “spider bite”
  • tx: drain and antibiotics
224
Q

prevention of prion diseases

A
  • ban against animal products in feed
  • increased surveillance
  • diagnosis (protein in CSF)
225
Q
A

Leptospira interrogans

causes Leptospirosis - swamp fever

soilborne bacterial disease

226
Q

Heterotrophs vs autotrophs (metabolic diversity)

A
  • Heterotrophs - metabolize complex organic molecules as a source of energy and carbon
  • autotrophs - use inorganic carbon (CO2) as an energy source
227
Q

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

type of disease, type of virus, s/s, vaccination and tx, transmission

A
  • contact viral disease
  • ssRNA
  • chronic bloodborne illness
  • transmission: blood, mother to baby, sexual contact
  • responsible for almost all blood-transfusion transmitted hepatitis
    • major reason for liver transplants in U.S.
  • s/s: 70-80% asymptomatic
    • mild symptoms similar to HBV
  • no vaccine, but reasonable treatments
228
Q

Trichinellosis

type of disease, cause, portal of entry and exit, where its found and prevalence, s/s, dx, tx

A
  • roundworm disease
  • portal of entry: eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game infected with cysts
    • major reservoirs: rodents (pigs feed upon)
    • humans typically don’t transmit
  • portal of exit: feces
  • declining in U.S.
    • prohibits feeding pigs bad stuff
  • s/s: flu-like (go undiagnosed)
    • heavy worm burdens cause cardiac and respiratory problems, death
  • dx. muscle biopsy, blood test
  • tx. several drugs, but limited effectiveness
229
Q

four ways of artificial active immunization

A
  • live, attenuated microbes
    • TB - BCG vaccine
    • examples - polio (sabin), measles, yellow fever
    • concern - reversion to virulent form
  • killed (inactivated) microbe vaccines
    • heat or chemically-killed
    • less effective, need booster shots, no risk of infection
    • examples - polio (salk), plague, influenza, hep A, cholera
  • toxoids
    • heat or formaldehyde-inactivated exotoxin
    • maintains ability to induce specific-antibodies
    • examples - diphtheria and tetanus
  • new and experimental vaccines
    • recombinant DNA-vaccine - virulence gene is cloned into a nonvirulent microbe
    • DNA-vaccine: virulence gene is cloned into a plasmid which expressed foreign gene inside cells
230
Q

Pseudomembranous colitis

cause, type of disease

A
  • foodborne and waterborne bacterial disease
  • Clostridium difficile (g+, spore-forming bacillus)
  • major cause of nosocomial infection
  • depletion of normal flora by antibiotic use may allow C. diff to “grow out”
  • “deadly diarrhea”
231
Q

stages of microbial disease

A
  • incubation - period between initial infection and appearance of symptoms
  • prodromal - period in which early symptoms appear; usually short and not well characterized
  • illness - period during which the disease is most acute and accompanied by characteristic symptoms
  • decline - symptoms gradually subside
  • convalescence - symptoms disappear and recovery ensues
232
Q

cause of TB

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • gram +, non-motile, lacks outer membrane (have to acid-fast stain)
    • cell wall is thicker than most - hydrophobic
    • difficult to culture - slow growing (24 hrs)
    • complex
      • 8 subspecies
233
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A
  • defensive virulence strategy
  • the bacterium that causes peptic ulcers
  • secretes urease which enables it to survive in the highly acidic environment of the stomach
234
Q

mumps

type of disease, genome type, vaccine, host, s/s and rare complications, transmission, dx

A
  • airborne viral disease
  • ssRNA
  • MMR vaccine - 99% decrease since
  • humans are the only natural hosts
  • s/s: flu-like, many asymptomatic
    • more common in children
    • infection of parotid gland (swelling)
    • rare complications - male sterility; deafness; spread to heart, meninges, and kidney
  • transmission: airborne or fomites
  • dx: oral swab or blood - IgM serologic assay or RT-PCR
235
Q

RZV or ZVL vaccine

A

2 doses RZV (preferred) >50 yrs

or

1 dose ZVL >~60 yrs

236
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

type of disease, type of virus, at risk, transmission, symptoms, vaccination

A
  • contact viral disease
  • dsDNA virus
  • at risk: Asian and pacific islanders, MSM, needles
  • transmission: contact w/ blood, mother to baby
  • s/s: silent disease (decades w/o symptoms)
    • typical symptoms and jaundice
  • vaccine (expensive for developing countries)
    • 3 dose series: birth, 1-2 mos, 6-18 mos
237
Q

paragonimus

type of disease, where its found, host, symptoms

A
  • infectious lung fluke
  • endemic in Asia (not in U.S.)
  • freshwater snails are intermediate host (54 species)
  • acute infection
    • often no symptoms
    • long-term infection looks like bronchitis or TB
238
Q

candidiasis

type of disease, pathogen, cause, three forms (s/s, at risk, tx, dx, prevention)

A
  • fungal disease
  • pathogen - Candida albicans (yeast)
  • three forms:
    • oral
      • s/s - red, sore, cracking
      • dx - scrape and microscope
      • at risk - immunosuppressed, dentures, broad-spec. antibiotic use
      • prevention - oral hygiene
      • tx - oral antifungal med (itraconazole) or topical wash (clotrimazole troches)
    • genital
      • s/s - itching, burning, “cottage-cheese” discharge, rash
      • dx - microscopic sample
      • at risk - pregnancy, diabetes, broad-spec, antibiotic use
      • prevention - cotton underwear, probiotics
      • tx - OTC suppositories/creams
    • invasive (blood)
      • 4th most common hospital-acquired blood stream infection
      • s/s - fever, chills, non-specific
      • dx - blood culture
      • at risk - ICU, low-birth-weight infants, surgery, central line
      • prevention - infection control
      • tx - oral/IV antifungal meds (amphotericin B, fluconazle, echinocandin)
  • cause - imbalance of yeast
239
Q

specific immunity

A
  • produces lymphocytes that respond to foreign antigen
  • humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
  • cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
240
Q

protective effects of antibodies binding to antigens (humoral immunity)

A
241
Q

modes of transmission

A
242
Q

Blastomycosis

type of disease, pathogen, s/s, where is it found, prevalence, at risk, dx, tx

A
  • fungal disease
  • pathogen - Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • found in soil
  • transmission - inhale spores
  • sometimes reportable
    • endemic in U.S.
  • s/s
    • 1/2 asymptomatic
    • within a few weeks, flu-like symptoms
    • rare - skin and bones
  • at risk - everyone
  • dx - fungal culture, antigen test
  • tx - antifungal meds (itraconazole)
243
Q

virulence mechanisms of viruses

A
  • defensive: antigenic variation
    • influenza - new vaccine every year
  • offensive: death (lysis) of host cell from
    • production of lots of replicating viruses
    • inhibiting protein synthesis
    • damage to plasma membrane
    • inhibiting host cell metabolism
244
Q
A

Vibrio cholerae (g- curved rod)

secretes exotoxin that cause Cholera intoxication

bacterial foodborne and waterborne disease

245
Q

major protozoan diseases (4 food and waterborne, 5 arthropodborne, 1 STD)

A
246
Q

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

type of disease, genome type, pandemic, transmission, vaccine, s/s

A
  • airborne viral disease
  • caused by ssRNA coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
  • 2002-2003 pandemic
    • began in China
    • no reported cases since 2004
  • transmission: airborne and fomites
  • s/s: flu-like
  • no vaccine
247
Q

Enzymes

A
  • ​Enzymes are proteins with activities that allow the invading bacteria to spread throughout the tissues, causing damage in the process
  • offensive strategy
  • examples: hyaluronidase, collagenase, hemolysins, kinases, leukocidins
248
Q

bacteria

unicellular, multicellular, or acellular?

prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

submicroscopic or microscopic?

genome?

replication?

motility?

metabolism?

cell wall or no cell wall?

A
  • unicellular
  • prokaryotes
  • microscopic
  • DNA genome
  • replicate by binary fission
  • cell wall (identify by gram stain)
  • some motile
  • metabolism - heterotrophs and autotrophs
249
Q

viruses that cause the common cold

A
  • about half of all colds are causes by two RNA viruses:
    • rhinoviruses (ssRNA)
    • coronaviruses (ssRNA)
  • can also be caused by adenoviruses (ssDNA)
250
Q

MMR vaccine

A

2 dose vaccine

12-15 mos

4-6 yrs

lasts 20 years

a quadrivalent vaccine that includes varicella is now available

the vaccine is live, attenuated

251
Q

what disease is the leading cause of death worldwide?

A

tuberculosis

252
Q

different classification systems (taxonomy)

A
  • Linnaeus (1700s) classified all organisms as plant or animal
  • Haeckel (1866) had 3 kingdoms: animals, plants, and protists
  • Whittaker (1969) proposed 5 kingdom system: monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
  • Woese (1990) 3 domains: bacteria, archaea, and eucarya, based on comparisons of rRNA sequences
253
Q

animal TSEs

A
  • mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalitis, BSE)
    • s/s: drooling, stumbling
    • UK
  • Scrapie in sheep from scraping against trees, fences
  • TSEs in household cats, deer, elk, mink
  • chronic wasting disease (CWD) in mule deer, white-tailed deer
254
Q

Hippocrates (epidemiology’s early history)

A
  • 460-377 B.C.
  • linked malaria, yellow fever, and swamps
  • father of medicine and first epidemiologist
  • movement away from supernatural with no knowledge of the germ theory
255
Q

what type of virus is this?

A

influenza virus (enveloped)

256
Q

epidemic

A
  • classification of disease
  • sudden increase in morbidity and mortality above the norm
  • i.e. plague
257
Q

disease spread by aedes

A
  • western equine encephalitis
  • eastern equine encephalitis
  • dengue fever
  • yellow fever
  • elephantiasis
258
Q

classification of protozoans

A

protozoans are classified by locomotion

259
Q
A

Staphylococcus aureus

260
Q

rotavirus (RV) vaccine

A

2 dose series

2 mos

4 mos

261
Q

protozoans

unicellular, multicellular, or acellular?

prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

submicroscopic or microscopic?

genome?

replication?

motility?

metabolism?

cell wall or no cell wall?

examples?

A
  • unicellular
  • eucaryotic
  • microscopic
  • DNA genome
  • asexual or sexual replication
  • no cell wall
  • some motile (by flagella, cilia, or pseudopods)
  • metabolism - heterotrophs
  • examples: malaria, leishmaniasis
262
Q

antigenic variation

A
  • trypanosomes can change surface antigens to avoid host antibodies
  • example: African sleeping sickness
  • defensive virulence strategy
263
Q

how to prevent mycoses

A
  • keep healthy and strong immune system
    • healthy diet and exercise
    • good hygiene
  • cautious around mold spore environments
  • be aware of symptoms
264
Q

direct transmission - vertical transmission

A
  • transplacental
  • mother to child (breast milk, birth canal)
265
Q

symptoms of the two types of TB conditions

A
  • symptomatic primary TB
    • flu-like, coughing up blood
    • more likely to occur in children, elderly, immunocompromised
  • reactivated (secondary) TB - dormant TB becomes reactivated after decaded
    • similar to primary, but infection can spread to bones and joints
266
Q

foodborne and waterborne viral diseases (3)

A
267
Q

gonorrhea

cause, dx, symptoms, tx, rates, presentation, incubation

A
  • caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • incubation: 1-14 days
  • presentation:
    • asymptomatic
    • discharge
  • dx: site specific
    • urine
    • swabs
  • tx:
    • cefixime 400 mg orally in a single dose + azithromycin 1g orally in a single dose
    • no sex for 1 wk
  • rates:
    • higher in U.S. than UT (but UT increasing by 729%)
    • whites (UT)
    • males more infected than females
      • MSM cases are decreasing
    • age 25-29
268
Q

Lymphatic Filariasis

type of disease, cause, where is it found, s/s, dx, tx, transmission

A
  • “Elephantiasis”
  • roundworm disease
  • endemic in tropical and subtropical countries
  • caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
  • mosquitos transmit
    • larvae migrate to lymphatic vessels then blood
  • dx. microfilariae in blood
  • tx. effective single dose treatment (global eradication possible?)
  • s/s: asymptomatic, swelling
269
Q

Shigellosis

type of disease, cause, issue, death rate, tx

A
  • foodborne and waterborne bacterial disease
  • Shigella (g- bacillus)
  • tx: rehydration, possible antibiotics
  • high death rate in developing countries
  • antibiotic resistance threat
270
Q

how many people are living with HIV globally?

A

36.9 million

271
Q

Staphylococcal food poisoning

microbe, type of disease, where it’s found, tx, type of toxin

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus (g+ coccus)
  • foodborne and waterborne bacterial disease
  • found in human nasal passages (normal flora)
  • heat stable enterotoxin
  • s/s within a few hours, very severe, but quick recovery
  • tx: rest, fluids, meds to calm stomach
272
Q

Four simple steps to prevent foodborne and waterborne bacterial diseases

A
  • clean
  • separate
    • ​don’t cross-contaminate
  • cook to right temperature
  • chill
    • keep fridge below 40ºF
273
Q
A

Bacillus anthracis and endospores

274
Q

What kind of infectious diseases can come about from receiving blood?

A
  • HIV
  • hepatitis
  • syphilis
  • malaria
  • chagas’ disease
275
Q

Leprosy - Hansen’s disease

type of disease, cause, transmission, incubation period, at risk, characteristics, treatment, where is this disease

A
  • bacterial contact disease
    • also spread by droplets
  • cause: Mycobacterium leprae (bacillus)
  • incubation period: 2-10 years
  • at risk: children
  • characteristics:
    • lepromas - tumor like skin lesions
    • neurological damage to cooler parts of body (face, hands, feet)
    • lost ability to perceive pain
  • tx: 6 mo - 2 yr antibiotics
  • rare in U.S. (most unable to have disease)
    • widespread in Asia, Africa, South America
276
Q

cysticercosis

type of disease, cause, portal of entry and exit, what does it infect

A
  • caused by larval cysts of tapeworrm Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
    • white, over 8 m long
    • contain testes and ovaries
  • infects brain, muscle, other tissue (seizures)
  • portal of entry: eating undercooked pork that contains larval cysts
  • portal of exit: feces that pigs then eat
277
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

type of disease, virus that causes it, transmission, s/s, cancer that can occur, who does it primarily affect, dx

A
  • contact viral disease
    • caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) - dsDNA herpes virus
  • transmission: contact of saliva and mucus
  • s/s: many asymptomatic
    • later symptoms include swollen glands
      • enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen is a serious complication
      • Burkitt’s lymphoma - malignant cancer of jaw and abdomen; occurs in Africa
  • dx: detect antibodies and abnormal WBCs
  • affects primarily age 15-30
278
Q

the HIV life cycle

A
279
Q

Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918

A
  • most deadly epidemic in history
    • infected 1/3 of the world; 5% of world died
    • extreme virulence (dead in 1-2 days)
  • H1N1 variant
280
Q

inactivated poliovirus (IPV <18 yrs)

A

4 dose series

2 mos

4 mos

6-18 mos

4-6 yrs

281
Q
A

tsetse fly (transmits african sleeping sickness)

282
Q

protein components of blood (active in immunity)

A
  • antibodies (immunoglobulins)
    • recognize and bind to specific foreign antigens (adaptive response)
  • complement system - significant innate defense mechanism
    • enhance phagocytosis
    • bring about lysis of cells
  • interferon
    • interfere with viral replication
    • alert other cells
    • released from virus-infected cells
283
Q

infectious dose (ID)

what is the ID of Vibrio cholerae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A
  • minimal number of microbes necessary for infection
    • more virulent organisms have smaller IDs than less virulent organisms
  • Vibrio cholerae - one million
  • M. tuberculosis - 10
284
Q

nonliving reservoirs

A

some organisms are able to survive and multiply in nonliving environments, such as soil and water (i.e. Clostridium bacteria)

285
Q

disease manifestations of exotoxins

A
286
Q

Hib vaccine

A

4 doses

2 mos

4 mos

6 mos

12-15 mos

287
Q
A

Shigella (g- bacillus)

causes Shigellosis

bacterial foodborne and waterborne disease

288
Q

Robert Hooke

A

monk who first coined the cell in 1665

289
Q

Tetanus (lockjaw)

type of disease, where the pathogen is found, cause, treatment, vaccination, toxin, type of tetanus

A
  • soilborne bacterial disease
    • ubiquitous
  • non-communicable disease
  • cause: spores of Clostridium tetani (g+ bacillus)
  • Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)
    • second most deadly bacterial toxin
  • spores germinate and bacilli multipy in deep, anaerobic wounds (i.e. gunshots, animal bites)
  • opisthotonos - extreme contractions of muscles
  • higher incidence in underdeveloped countries
    • VACCINATION IS KEY - DTaP
  • tx: emergent! human tetanus immune globulin, antibiotics
  • Neonatal tetanus common in 1st month of life
    • prevalent in poor nations
290
Q

human TSEs

A
  • creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD)
    • occurs in three ways:
      • sporadic (85%)
      • hereditary - associated with gene mutations
      • iatrogenic - contaminated surgical equipment, corneal transplant, blood transfusion (rare)
    • average age 65; death within 1 year
  • kuru
    • epidemic in New Guinea 50’s and 60’s
    • due to cannibalism
  • vCJD (variant CJD)
    • ​from consuming BSE-contaminated beef
    • U.K.
291
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia

fungus that causes this disease, incidence, mortality rate, at risk, dx, tx

A
  • fungus - Pneumocystis jirovecii
  • one of the most frequent and severe opportunistic infections
    • 9% infection rate in HIV/AIDS
    • 100% mortality if untreated
  • rare in healthy people
  • dx - microscope lung fluid or tissue, PCR
  • tx - 3 wk medication (TMP-SMX)
    • negative side effects (rash, nausea)
292
Q

Continuum of HIV medical care: methodology

PLWDH

receipt of care

retained in care

viral suppression

A
  • PLWDH: persons living with HIV
  • receipt of care: >1 CD4 or viral load
  • retained in care: >2 CD4 or viral load lab results at least >3 months apart
  • viral suppression: <200 copies/mL in blood
    • no risk of transmission
    • take ART daily
293
Q

what were viruses first described as?

who were two people who first worked with viruses and what did they do?

A
  • viruses first described as “filterable agents”
  • Russian Dmitri Ivanowski - 1892
    • passed a diseased tobacco leaf extract through a filter to remove bacteria. the filtrate caused disease (tobacco mosaic virus)
  • Wendell Stanley - 1935
    • crystallized TMV
    • electron microscope invented around this time
294
Q

viral STIs

A
  • herpes
  • HPV
  • hepatitis
295
Q

cycle of microbial disease

A
296
Q

subcellular microbes

A
  • viruses
  • prions
297
Q

two pathways blood cells mature along

A
298
Q

swimmer’s itch (cercarial dermatitis)

type of disease, normal host, where it’s found, s/s

A
  • form of schistosomiasis
  • flat worm (fluke) disease
  • normally infects water birds or small mammals
    • not capable of fully developing in man
  • sporadic in northern U.S.
  • s/s: rash and itching (immediate immune response)
299
Q

Soilborne Bacterial Diseases

A
300
Q

sanitization

A

kills something (maybe 1 log)

301
Q

How have technological advances contributed to increased infectious disease transmission?

A
  • travel (arrive at destination before symptoms display)
    • vectors can also travel in cargo holds
  • nosocomial infection
    • ​blood and blood products
    • organ transplants or invasive medical procedures
    • immunosuppressive therapy or disease (most at risk)
302
Q

prion diseases

A
  • scrapie
  • kuru
  • mad cow disease
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
303
Q

zoonoses

A

diseases in which animals serve as reservoirs and carriers (i.e. west nile virus)

304
Q

disease manifestations by exotoxins

A
305
Q

what type of virus is this?

A

poliovirus (non-enveloped)

306
Q

Hepatitis D virus (HDV)

type of disease, type of virus, important characteristic, where does it most occur and what is it associated with

A
  • contact viral disease
  • ssRNA
  • defective. cannot replicate without HBV
    • coinfection increases likelihood of liver disease - 20% mortality rate (highest of all hepatitis viruses)
  • rare in developed countries
  • associated with IV drug use
307
Q

antibody (immunoglobulin, Ig) characteristics

A
  • five Ig-types
    • IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM
    • each has distinct properties
  • IgG is the only Ig that can cross the placenta; about 80% of Ig in blood is IgG
  • all plasma cells initially produce IgM, then “switch” to producing IgG (others switch to IgA or IgE)
  • TH cells help B cells produce antibodies by releasing stimulatory proteins called cytokines
308
Q

Recommended vaccine for Hib

A
  • one dose at:
    • 2 months
    • 4 months
    • 6 months
    • 12-15 months
309
Q

infectivity

A
  • the capacity of an agent to produce infection or disease
  • = number of infected / number of exposed
310
Q

Whipworm

disease it causes, two main species, portal of entry and exit, s/s

A
  • causes roundworm disease Trichuris trichiura
  • live in intestine
  • portal of exit: painful passage of stool (mucus and blood)
    • rectal prolapse
  • same thing as hookworms!
  • two main species:
    • Anclostoma duodenale (may be transmitted by ingestion)
    • Necator americanus
  • portal of entry: walking barefoot on contaminated soil - penetrates skin
  • s/s: rash or no symptoms
    • heavy infection - flu-like
    • physical and cognitive growth of children can be affected (malnutrition)
311
Q

mutalism definition and example

A

a condition in which both species benefit

i.e. lichens

312
Q

PIV (parainfluenza virus)

A
  • NOT influenza
  • RNA virus
    • only one strand
  • paramyxovirus family
  • “croup” and pneumonia
  • s/s and tx similar to EV-D68 and RSV
313
Q

arthropod-borne viral disease (arboviruses)

A

all transmitted by mosquitos except colorado tick fever

314
Q

Streptococcus infections

type of disease, microbe that causes it and what is the most virulent species and what does it cause, long term complications, type that is common in children, what is caused by invasive strep, where it resides, how its transmitted, types of infections

A
  • g+ cocci
    • most virulent: S. pyogenes
      • ​Erythrogenic toxin-producing strains causescarlet feverand“strawberry tongue”
  • streptococcal pharyngitis (tonsillitis) common in children
  • airborne bacterial disease
  • in human nose and throat
    • transmitted by respiratory droplets or contact with sore or wounds
  • long term complications for repeated childhood strep infections:
    • Glomerulonephritis, a kidney disease
    • Rheumatic fever, condition involving heart and joints
  • invasive strep causes:
    • toxic shock syndrome
    • necrotizing fasciitis (25% caused by group A strep)
  • types of infections:
    • group A strep
    • group B strep
315
Q

two types of virulence factors

A
  • defensive strategies - allow microbes to escape destruction by the immune system (i.e. adhesins, capsules, antigenic variation)
  • offensive strategies - result in damage to the host (i.e. exotoxins, endotoxins)
316
Q

What is LD50?

A

lethal dose - the number of microbes necessary to kill 50% of infected

317
Q

two types of treatment for severe influenza disease

A
  • zanamivir (Relenza)
  • oseltamivir (TamiFlu)
318
Q

capsid and types

A
  • capsid - protein coat made of capsomere subunits
  • capsid types:
    • helical
    • polyhedral
    • complex
  • make up a virion - complete virus particle
319
Q

what is happening with vector borne diseases?

A
  • lack of resources for vector control
    • DDT can bioaccumulate and become resistant; became illegal in the 1980s and 90s -> emergence of almost eradicated diseases
  • lack of political will
320
Q

adhesins (+ examples)

A
  • fixation to cells surfaces and linings at a portal of entry
  • examples: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (attachment to urethral lining using pilli), Streptococcus mutans (sticks to surface of teeth), Lactobacillus (digestive tract; capsules), HIV (T cells; spikes), salmonella (flagella), Treponema pallidum (STD; hooks), Giardia (suction discs)
321
Q
A

Bacillus anthracis growth on plate

322
Q

characteristics of infectious disease agents

A
  • infectivity
  • pathogenicity
  • virulence
  • toxigenicity
323
Q

chlamydia
cause, incubation, presentation, dx, tx, serious health consequences, rates (U.S. vs UT, sex, race, age, increasing or decreasing)

A
  • caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
  • incubation: ~3 weeks
  • presentation:
    • asymptomatic
    • discharge
  • dx: site specific
    • urine
    • swabs
    • nucleic acid amplification test
  • tx: Azithromycin 1g orally in a single dose
    • no sex for 7 days after
  • serious health consequences:
    • cervicitis, urethritis, proctitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, tubal factor infertility
  • rates:
    • U.S. higher than UT
    • increasing
    • race - whites in U.S. and blacks in UT
    • females more affected than males
    • age 20-24
324
Q

amphotericin B (fungizone)

A
  • antifungal drug
  • “ampho the terrible”
  • binds ergosterol and destroys cell membrane
  • toxic
325
Q

spleen

A
  • spongy, fist-sized organ
  • contains phagocytic cells and mature T and B cells
326
Q

sporadic

A
  • classification of disease
  • occur only occasionally and in an unpredictable fashion
  • i.e. tetanus
327
Q

lytic cycle vs lysogenic cycle

A

two types of infection causes by bacteriophages

lysogenic is basically when the genome material is absorbed and hides out (i.e. chicken pox later developing into shingles)

328
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • contribute to immunity
  • contain B and T cells
  • site of antibody production
  • contain phagocytic cells
  • swollen lymph nodes are an active immune response
329
Q

RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)

A
  • RNA virus
  • paramyxovirus family
  • “childhood disease”
    • fatal in children if untreated
  • tx. supportive
    • Ribavirin if severe (toxic)
  • no vaccine
330
Q

development of clinical TB (2 step process)

A
  • infection of host with microorganism AND
  • development of active disease
    • unchecked microbial replication
    • body’s immune response
      • TB can remain dormant for 20-30 years before active disease develops (won’t spread)
331
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

what does it cause and s/s

A
  • bacterial contact disease
  • most virulent of staph
  • can cause -
    • bacteremia, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis
    • MRSA and Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus are leading causes of nosocomial infections
  • s/s:
    • impetigo (blister with highly infectious yellow discharge)
    • scalded skin syndrome (blistering skin due to exfoliative toxin)
    • toxic shock syndrome (from strains that secrete TSS-exotoxin)
332
Q

diagnosis of viral infection

A
  • culturing is too difficult, expensive, and time-consuming
  • diagnose frequently based on signs and symptoms (i.e. rashes)
  • definitive tests - presence of antibody (past or present infection)
  • enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)
  • rapid tests (i.e. rapid influenza A and B test)
  • nucleic acid-based diagnostics
    • uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
333
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. association - the causative agent must be present in every case of a specific disease
  2. isolation - the causative agent must be isolated in every case of the disease and grown in pure culture
  3. causation - the causative agent in the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy and susceptible laboratory animals
  4. reisolation - the causative agent must be reisolated from the laboratory animal and be identical to the original causative agent
334
Q

severity of infection equation

A

D = nV/R

335
Q

HIV disease progression

A
  • takes years for someone who has HIV to develop AIDS
  • T cells go down
  • copies of virus sky rockets
  • asymptomatic for 5-10 years
336
Q

peptic ulcers

type of disease, cause, s/s, tx, associated with, how many does it affect, transmission

A
  • bacterial contact disease
    • spread fecal-oral and oral-oral
  • cause: Helicobacter pylori (g- curved/spiral)
    • produces urease -> breaks down urea into ammonia and CO2 -> ammonia neutralizes stomach acid allowing bacteria to survive
  • 2/3 of world’s population infected
  • typical s/s: pain, n/v, loss of appetite
  • tx: antibiotics and proton pump inhibitor
  • associated with gastric cancer
337
Q

chikungunya virus

type of disease, vector, where its found in the world, prevalence, dx, symptoms, tx, mortality

A
  • arthropod-borne viral disease
  • emerging threat to Americas
  • mosquito-borne
  • RNA viral disease
  • most people develop symptoms
    • fever and severe polyarthralgia (mos to yrs)
  • dx - viral culture, RT-PCR, serology
  • rare mortality
  • no vaccine or treatments
338
Q

histoplasmosis

type of disease, s/s, dx, tx, where this disease is, transmission, phases

A
  • fungi disease
  • s/s - flu-like (few days to several weeks after exposure)
    • last a few weeks to a month
    • severe in immunosuppressed
  • midwest U.S.
    • Ohio and Mississippi
    • ~4% mortality
    • reportable
  • transmission - spores circulate in air after soil is disturbed
  • two fungal phases - inside and outside body
  • dx - blood test and chest x-rays
  • tx - itraconazole 3 mos - 1 yr
339
Q

pathogenicity

A
  • the capacity of the agent to cause disease in the infected host
  • = # symptomatic / # exposed
340
Q

varicella (VAR) vaccine

A

2 dose series

12-15 mos

4-6 yrs

2 doses in adulthood

341
Q

Toxoid

A
  • offensive strategy
  • detoxified toxin that retains antigenicity
342
Q

photosynthetic vs chemosynthetic autotrophs (metabolic diversity)

A
  • photosynthetic autotrophs - obtain energy from the sun
    • these microbes produce most of our oxygen
  • chemosynthetic autotrophs - obtain energy from inorganic compounds
343
Q

how much of the worlds population is infected with latent TB?

A

1/4

it is a reemerging disease and a global emergency

344
Q

body site distribution of nosocomial infections

A
345
Q

what type of virus is this?

A

smallpox

346
Q

what type of virus is this?

A

chikungunya

347
Q

Influenza

type of virus (how many segments), types of influenza, incidence

A
  • RNA virus with 8 segments
  • influenza A
    • causes epidemics and pandemics
    • reservoir - humans, mammals, birds
  • influenza B
    • causes epidemics
    • reservoir - humans, seals
  • influenza C
    • mild respiratory illness
    • reservoir - pigs, humans
  • incidence
    • 20% of U.S. gets it yearly (~36,000 die)
348
Q

imidazoles

A
  • antifungal drug
  • ergeosterol biosynthesis inhibitor
  • micoazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole
349
Q

cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

A
  • specific immunity
  • ​production of T lymphocytes directed against antigen
    • “sensitized”
  • major defense against tumor cells and intracellular microbes
  • mediated by CD8+ TC cells
    • antigens are digested into small peptides
    • TC cells recognize these peptide antigens if they are carried on the cell surface and displayed on MHC (major histocompatibility) molecules
    • TC cells are clonally expanded
    • activated TC cells produce perforin - pore-forming protein that lyses cells
350
Q

viral genome replication for ssRNA

A

viral parts are not made using host cell functions

351
Q

Legionnaire’s disease (legionellosis)

type of disease, cause, where the bacteria is found, transmission, s/s and death, at risk, tx

A
  • Aiborne bacterial disease - Lower respiratory tract infection
  • Legionella pneumophila (g- bacillus)
  • reportable. U.S.
  • found in warm water
  • transmission: inhalation, NOT person-to-person
  • typical s/s
    • death usually by shock and kidney failure (5-30% rate)
    • at risk: old people, smokers, respiratory problems
  • tx: antibiotics
352
Q

How do ecological disturbances contribute to increase in infectious diseases?

A
  • Deforestation and human intrusion into remote ecosystems
    • increase contact with animals and insect vectors (i.e. HIV/AIDS)
    • see migration of displaced animals and vectors into villages (i.e. chagas’ disease, rabies, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis)
    • zoonosis and the species leap
  • climactic changes
    • ​increase incidence and distribution of infectious disease (vector, microbe, or both increase due to rising temperature)
  • natural disasters
    • floods in S. Africa -> increase in mosquitos carrying malaria, increase in cholera
    • drought in E. Africa -> famine and malnutrition
353
Q

ID50

A

minimum does to establish 50% infection

354
Q

What makes a microbe?

A
  • size
  • metabolic diversity
    • ​heterotrophs, autotrophs (photosynthetic and chemosynthetic)
    • important for preventing microbes from getting nutrients
    • important for diagnosing
  • requirement for oxygen
  • prokaryote vs eukaryote
355
Q

human normal flora is composed mainly of commensal bacteria. where is normal flora found in the body? how does it benefit us?

A

conjuctiva, nose, mouth, skin, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, urethra

benefits us be preventing other pathogens; doesn’t harm

356
Q

mechanical and chemical barriers in immunity

A
  • skin - first line of defense
  • stomach acidity - inhibitory to most microbes
  • mucous membranes
  • cilia - propel microbes into pharynx where they are swallowed and expelled
  • lysozyme - enzyme that destroys cells walls of bacteria
    • found in saliva, tears, sweat
  • phagocytosis
    • professional phagocytes - monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages
    • located strategically throughout the body
  • inflammation
    • four signs - redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling/edema (tumor), pain (dolor)
      • ​vasodilation
      • chemoattraction - phagocytes attracted to inflamed tissue
357
Q
A

flee

358
Q

How is HIV spread?

A
359
Q

antiseptic

A

sanitizer or disinfectant used on the body

360
Q

pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23) vaccine

A

1 dose >65 yrs

361
Q

St. Louis encephalitis

type of disease, where its found in the world, reservoirs, s/s

A
  • encephalitis-causing arboviruses
  • found in most of U.S.
  • reservoirs - birds
  • s/s - headache, fever
362
Q

Diptheria

type of disease, cause, what does it form, s/s, tx, complications

A
  • airborne bacterial disease
  • caused by an exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diptheria (g+ bacillus)
  • kills epithelial cells. forms leathery pseudomembrane
  • s/s: weak, sore throat, fever, swollen glands
    • death by suffocation may result for thick coating building up in nose and throat
    • may diffuse through blood and cause damage to heart
  • tx: antitoxin and antibiotics
  • vaccination: DTaP
  • 1 out of 10 diphtheria patients die, even with tx
363
Q

Microbial evolution and diversity

what was discovered 3.5 byo? what was the early atmosphere like? evolution of photosynthetic microbes?

A
  • bacteria were the first life-forms on earth
  • discovered fossilized bacteria in stromatolites 3.5 byo
  • early atmosphere was devoid of oxygen
  • photosynthetic microbes evolved to use sunlight, water, and CO2 to produce oxygen and carbohydrates 2 byo
364
Q

what type of virus is this?

A

ssRNA coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

365
Q

Eastern equine encephalitis

type of disease, reservoirs, where its found in the world, prevalence

A
  • encephalitis-causing arbovirus
  • occurs in eastern half of the U.S.
    • Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, NJ
  • affects humans, horses, and some birds
    • infected horses are a “dead end”
  • not a lot of cases
366
Q

Edward Jenner

A
  • late 1700s
  • observations of cowpox led to smallpox vaccine (1st vaccine)
367
Q

PrPc vs. PfPsc

A
  • PrPc
    • ​normal, “non-virulent” protein
    • unknown function
    • encoded by PrP gene
  • PrPsc (“PrP-scrapie”)
    • abnormal, miscfolded, infectious form of PrP
368
Q

Dermatophytes

what is causes, s/s, tx, dx, where it lives, prevention, at risk, prevalence

A
  • “ringworm” or “tinea”
  • fungi that causes skin, hair, and nail infections
  • lives in moist areas
  • s/s - red, scaly, ring-shaped rash
  • at risk - very common, contact sports
  • prevention - good hygiene
  • dx - scrape area and microscope
  • tx - topical antifungal meds, some oral
369
Q

contact viral disease (other than STDs and bloodborne) (6)

A
370
Q

most common type of food poisoning

A

Staphylococcal food poisoning

371
Q

food-borne infection

what is it and give examples

A
  • bacteria grows in you
    • produce enterotoxin
      • examples: salmonella, vibrio cholera, shigella, listeria, hepatitis A
    • self-resolving
    • if prolonged, treat with antibiotics
372
Q

two major components of the immune system

A
  • nonspecific or innate
    • inherent, present before infection
  • specific or adaptive
    • ​develops in response to infection
373
Q

African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)

type of disease, causing agent (2), where its found in the world, prevalence, tx, s/s, transmission, ID, unique characteristic

A
  • arthropod vector disease
  • cause - Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (west and central Africa) and T. brucei rhodesiense (east Africa)
    • T. brucei gambiense on the rise in areas of Sudan
  • declining in Africa
  • transmission - tsetse fly
  • reservoirs - animals and humans
  • ID is 500, but ~50,000 parasites in a single bite
  • s/s - red chancre, lethargic (invades blood, spinal fluid, brain)
    • over months or years, personality chances, confusion, coma
    • if untreated, death
  • antigenic variation
  • tx - pentamidine drug therapy (CSF exam for 2 years)
374
Q

airborne viral diseases

A
375
Q

secondary immune structures

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils and adenoids
  • peyer’s patches
    • located in lining of GI, respiratory, and urinary tracts
    • protect against microbes entering through mucosal surfaces
376
Q

classification of helminths

A
  • flat worms (digenian flukes)
  • tapeworms (cestodes)
  • round worms (nematodes)
377
Q

viral genome replication for dsRNA

A
378
Q

HPV

cause, prevention, presentation, incubation, diagnosis

A
  • caused by human papillmavirus
  • prevention: vaccine
  • presentation:
    • genital warts
    • cervical cellular abnormalities
    • anal cancer
  • incubation:
    • 3 wks to several months (genital warts)
    • several months to years (cervical cell abnormalities)
  • dx: pap smear
379
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • (Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow)
  • the cell is the fundamental unit of all organisms
  • all organisms are unicellular or multicellular
  • all cells are fundamentally alike in structure and metabolism
380
Q
A

tick

381
Q

Group A strep

what does it cause, tx

A
  • causes:
    • strep throat, impetigo (skin infection)
    • severe can cause pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis, TSS
  • tx:
    • antibiotics
382
Q

“sick building syndrome”

type of disease, pathogen, s/s, when it occurs, at risk

A
  • environmental fungi disease
  • pathogen - Stachybotrys chartarum
  • affects immunosuppressed and allergy sensitive
    • occurs after natural disasters -
      • Hurricane Katrina
      • Joplin, Missouri tornado
  • s/s -
    • respiratory
    • rare - necrotizing soft tissue infections
383
Q

Why does Tokyo, Japan have reduced levels of infectious disease despite high population density?

A

serious public health control

384
Q

How is the hospital environment a source of nosocomial infection?

A
  • patients are ill with weakened immune system
  • hospital fosters development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria
  • invasive procedures, catheters, needles, and tubes, facilitate the direct transmission of microbes
385
Q

Campylobacteriosis

cause

A
  • Campylobacter jejuni (curved g- bacillus)
  • most frequent cause of bacterial diarrhea in the U.S.
  • many isolates are antibiotic resistant
  • bacterial foodborne and waterborne disease
386
Q

commensalism definition and example

A

one species benefits but the other neither benefits nor is harmed

i.e. normal flora

387
Q

M protein

A
  • in streptococcal cell walls and interferes with phagocytosis
  • defensive virulence strategy
388
Q

HPV vaccine

A

11-12 yrs

HPV-female 2 or 3 doses 19-26 yrs

HPV-male 2 or 3 doses 19-21 yrs

389
Q

How do STIs facilitate HIV transmission?

A
  • disrupt epithelial/mucosal barriers
  • increase HIV target cells in genital tract
  • increase expression of HIV co-receptors
  • induce secretion of cytokines (increase HIV shedding)
390
Q

Fungi

unicellular, multicellular, or acellular?

prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

submicroscopic or microscopic?

genome?

replication?

motility?

metabolism?

cell wall or no cell wall?

A
  • unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (molds)
  • eucaryotic
  • microscopic (yeast only)
  • DNA genome
  • asexual or sexual replication
  • cell wall
  • non-motile
  • metabolism - heterotrophs
391
Q

Ebola virus

type of disease, virus type, s/s, dx, tx, vaccine, transmission, reservoir, host

A
  • contact viral disease
  • RNA virus causes the zoonosis Ebola hemorrhagic fever
    • 5 subspecies
  • sporadic; high fatality
  • bats are most likely reservoir
    • infects humans (“incidental”), monkeys, chimps
  • s/s: flu-like and hemorrhaging
  • transmission: direct (person-to-person)
  • biosafety level 4
    • isolation of disease. PPE
  • dx: detect antibodies
  • tx: IV fluids, maintain O2 status and BP
    • no vaccine currently available (blood transfusions from survivors being explored)
392
Q
A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

bacterial foodborne and waterborne disease

393
Q

how does urbanization contribute to an increase in infectious diseases?

A
  • combines with poverty that decreases hygiene, more malnutrition, rodent increase, less safe drinking water, and less public health infrastructure
  • more polution
394
Q

white blood cells (leukocytes)

A
  • granulocytes (innate response)
    • neutrophils - key phagocytic cells
    • basophils - rich in granules of histamine
    • eosinophils - seen in worm infections, allergies
  • agranulocytes
    • monocytes - key phagocytic cells, innate response
    • lymphocytes - the crucial cells of adaptive response
      • T lymphocytes
      • B lymphocytes - producers of antibodies

communicable disease control (8 decks)

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