Hellenic History Cards Set I Flashcards
https://www.njcl.org/Portals/1/NHCE%20Study%20Guide%20%28All%20levels%29.pdf
With what event in 776 does Hellenic History officially begin?
First Olympics
In what year does Hellenic History officially begin with the onset of the Olympics?
776
When a colony was founded, what leader of the colonists would take fire from the hearth of the mother-city to start a fire in the new city’s hearth?
Oecist
What was technically the first Greek colony, which did not last long?
Pithecusae
What Greek Italian colony (rather than Pithecusae) is more regularly known as the first colony?
Cumae
In 734, Corinth founded what colony in Sicily, which would later become the largest city in the Greek world?
Syracuse
In 707, the Spartans founded their one and only colony where?
Taras (Tarentum)
What city is also called Lacedaemon?
Sparta
Who developed the Spartan constitution in 885?
Lycurgus
With what neighboring city did Sparta wage war in the late eighth century?
Messenia
What legendary Messenian hero is said to have sacrificed his daughter to save his city against Sparta to no avail?
Aristodemus
What people, despite outnumbering the Spartans 10:1, were subjugated and forced to become helots to Sparta in the late eighth century?
Messenians
What Greek city on the Peloponnesus famously never had a tyrant?
Sparta
What city was ruled by 2 kings at a time who each had power over each other, much like Rome’s consular system?
Sparta
What group of 5 men, 2 of whom had to accompany kings on campaign, were chosen out of the Spartan Gerousia?
Ephors
What name was given to the Spartan counsel of 30 noblemen, including the kings not over the age of 60?
Gerousia
What name is given to the assembly of all Spartan citizens, members of which could not vote until they were 30?
Apella
At what age were Spartan boys taken from their mothers and put in a group camp to prepare for military service?
7
Participation in athletics, ownership of property, management of husband’s lands, etc. were among the rights of women held in what Greek city?
Sparta
Spartan women had all the rights of men except for what two rights?
To vote and hold office
After learning the location of the bones of Orestes, whom did Sparta invade and conquer?
Tegea
After defeating Argos, Sparta formed and headed what league?
Peloponnesian League
What name is given to rule without democratic representation?
Tyranny
What Dorian city, found just outside the Peloponnesus, was ruled after the fall of its monarchy by the Bacchiads, an aristocratic family?
Corinth
Despite being hidden in a chest (from which he’s named), what man overthrew the Bacchiads to become the first Tyrant of Corinth?
Cypselus
What son of Cypselus succeeded his father as tyrant of Corinth around 620?
Periander
Under whose tyranny did Corinth reach its greatest prosperity and power?
Periander
In what region of Greece was Athens located?
Attica
What process of combining political entities into one gave Athenian citizenship and rights to all inhabitants of Attica?
Synoecism
What name is given to the hill in the middle of Athens?
Acropolis
What early Athenian tried to establish tyranny in the city before was besieged on the Acropolis and killed by Megacles?
Cylon
While trying to establish tyranny in Athens, Cylon was killed by what other Athenian?
Megacles
What man’s actions caused his descendants, the Alcmeonids, to be stigmatized for generations?
Megacles
In 621, what Athenian instituted an especially harsh law code?
Draco
What Athenian statesman and poet served as archon for 594-593 before going into voluntary exile after his rule?
Solon
Solon helped turning Athens from an aristocracy to what other form of government in which classes are determined by wealth rather than birth?
Timocracy
Solon’s first act as archon was what action, a cancellation of enslavement for debt?
Seisachtheia
Changing Athenian currency, adding lot to the election process, and the seisactheia were reforms made by what archon?
Solon
Which Athenian political party opposed the institutions of Solon and which party favored them?
Plains opposed, Coast favored
In 561, what man became the first tyrant of Athens?
Pisistratus
What political party was formed by the Athenian Pisistratus?
Hills
What Athenian tyrant paved the way for the end of the Hektemoroi (laborers) class by giving them land?
Pisistratus
Following a war with Megara, Pisistratus added what island to Athens?
Salamis
Pisistratus added Salamis to Athens following a war with whom?
Megara
Following the death of Pisistratus in 528, what two sons succeeded him?
Hippias and Hipparchus
Hippias and Hipparchus succeeded what man, their father, as rulers of Athens?
Pisistratus
Because he had not allowed Harmodius’s sister to carry a basket in the Panathenaic procession, what Athenian ruler (and son of Pisistratus) was killed by Harmodius and Aristogiton?
Hipparchus
What two men assassinated HIpparchus because he had not allowed the sister of one of them to carry a basket in the Panathenaic procession?
Harmodius and Aristogiton
In 510, what Spartan king invaded Athens at the behest of the exiled Alcmaeonids to force Hippias out of power?
Cleomenes
After Cleomenes invaded Athens, where was Hippias exiled?
Persia
With Hippias exiled to Persia, what Alcmaeonid instituted a number of reforms to make Athens a true democracy?
Cleisthenes
What type of new council, whose 500 members were determined by lot, was instituted by Cleisthenes in Athens?
Boule
What generals were elected by the assembly in Athens each year and eventually grew more important than the polemarch?
Strategoi
In what year did Athens fully embrace democracy?
508
The Persian Empire fell into crisis after what king, the son of Cyrus, died without an heir?
Cambyses
What Persian, the leader of the king’s bodyguards, seized the throne after the death of Cambyses?
Darius I (The Great)
Aristagoras, a leader of what most powerful Ionian city, appealed to Athens for aid during the Persian revolt?
Miletus
What leader of Miletus, the most powerful Ionian city, appealed to Athens for aid in the Persian revolt?
Miletus
What city, the former Lydian capital and the Persian provincial capital for the region, did the Ionian Greek rebels sack in 497?
Sardis
Following the sack of Sardis, the Persians responded by defeating the Ionians at what battle in 494?
Lade
In 492, what Persian general conquered all of Thrace and Macedonia?
Mardonius
In 490, Darius I sent what general to punish Athens for helping the Ionian revolt against Persia?
Datis
Whom did Darius, Datis, and the other Persians aim to reinstall as leader in Athens in 490?
Hippias
As the Persians bore down Athens, they sent Phidippides (or Philippides) to what city for assistance, who had to deny due to an ongoing religious festival?
Sparta
What small city aided Athens in the Battle of Marathon against Persia by sending 1000 soldiers?
Plataea
What Athenian strategos was in command during the Battle of Marathon?
Militiades
What military formation, manned by hoplite soldiers, did Greek armies typically use?
Phalanx
Who was the Polemarch of Militiades who instructed his soldiers to lay a flanking trap for the Persians at the Battle of Marathon?
Callimachus
Only 192 Athenians and Plataeans were killed at what battle against the Persians who were unable to overcome the superior hoplites?
Marathon
Following what battle did the Greek Phidippides (or Philippides) run the 26 miles to Sparta to yell “Nike!” (“Victory!”) before dying?
Marathon
Following the battle of Marathon, what Greek ran the 26 miles to Sparta to yell “Nike!” (“Victory!”) before dying?
Phidippides (or Philippides)
in 485, what man took the throne of Persia following the death of his father, Darius I?
Xerxes
What would happen if a majority of the Ecclesia voted for a person to be ostracized?
They would be exiled for 10 years
What is the meaning of the Greek word ‘ostrakon’ from which ostracism is derived?
vessel (as in a clay vessel)
What politician and rival of Cleisthenes was the first person to suffer an Athenian ostracism?
Hipparchus (different one, not the son of Pisistratus)
What Athenian grew to extreme prominence during the foundation of the ostracism, forcing it upon Megacles, Xanthippus, and Aristides?
Themistocles
With what type of ship did Themistocles replace the pentaconters after discovering a silver vein in Laurion?
Triremes
As the Persians began to threaten Greece, some individuals and cities began siding with them in a process known as what?
Medizing (favoring the Medes)
Early in 480, a naval delaying action was fought where in at attempt to slow the Persian forces?
Artemisium
At what battle in July of 480 did just 7,000 Greek soldiers defend against the forces of 200,000 Persians?
Thermopylae
What Spartan king was the leader of the Greek forces at Thermopylae?
Leonidas
How many Spartans (along with the 1,100 allied Greek troops) were left to defend the mountain pass at Thermopylae?
300
Who, the Greek equivalent of Benedict Arnold, told the Persians about the narrow trail around the mountain pass at Thermopylae?
Ephialtes
What name was given to the best of Xerxes’s soldiers?
Immortals
Before the battle of Thermopylae, when a retreating Greek told a Spartan that Persian arrows would block out the sun, with what did the Spartan respond?
“I prefer to fight in the shade”
As the Persians advanced towards Athens, what did the Oracle tell the Athenians?
To put their trust in the wooden wall
When the Oracle told Athens to put their trust in the wooden wall, how did Themistocles interpret that?
To put all their hopes on the navy
What Athenian is said to have tricked the Persians by sending false information to Xerxes before the battle of Salamis in 480?
Themistocles
Before what battle in 480 did Themistocles send false info to trick Xerxes and the Persians?
Salamis
What Carian queen gave advice to Xerxes urging him not to fight the Greeks at Salamis to no avail?
Artemisia
In 479, the Spartan Pausanias led the Greek army at what battle to defeat the Persians?
Plataea
Who led the Greek army to defeat the Persians led by Mardonius at Plataea in 479?
Pausanias
At what final battle of the Persian wars did Leotychidas command the Greeks in 479?
Mycale
What league did Athens found following the Persian wars in 477?
Delian League
What Athenian statesman, known as “The Just” was tasked with keeping up the League’s finances?
Aristides
What man was largely responsible for the birth of Athenian naval power?
Themistocles
Xanthippus and Aristides eclipsed in power what Athenian who was ostracized to Persia in 472?
Themistocles
In 458, Athens completed the Long Walls which connected it to its port called what?
Piraeus
What symbol of Athenian power did Athens complete in 458 to connect the city to its port, Piraeus?
The Long Walls
What commander of the Delian league, who won many victories over the Persians, was ostracized in 461?
Cimon
In 454, to what city was the treasury of the Delian League moved?
Athens
Whose murder in 461 left Pericles basically in charge of Athens?
Ephialtes
What two men led the opposition party pushing for Cimon’s exile in 461?
Pericles and Ephialtes
What war began in 459 when Athenian forces seized Naupactus and Megara surrendered?
First Peloponnesian War
With what city’s submission to Athens does the First Peloponnesian War begin?
Megara
Before what battle of 457 between Athens and Sparta did Cimon beg to be reinstated?
Tanagra
Under the command of Myronides, Athens invaded and controlled all of Boeotia except for what city?
Thebes
During the First Peloponnesian War, Athens lost control of Boeotia after losing what battle in 447?
Coronea
In 449, what treaty was signed between Athens and Persia?
Peace of Callias
In 446 (or 445), what treaty was signed by Athens and Sparta ending the First Peloponnesian War?
Thirty Years’ Peace
What Athenian was elected strategos for 15 consecutive years from 444-429)
Pericles
In 435, war between Corinth and her colony Corcyra eventually escalated into what major war?
Second Peloponnesian War
The Second Peloponnesian War escalated from what city’s war with her colony Corcyra 4 years prior?
Corinth
What Athenian statesman who opposed Pericles wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War, covering the conflict until 411?
Thucydides
What Spartan king invaded Attica in 431, thus beginning the Second Peloponnesian War?
Archidamus
What devastating event happened in Athens in 430?
Plague
What prominent Athenian died from the plague in 429?
Pericles
To what city does Sparta lay siege and capture in 427?
Plataea
In 428, what city tries to revolt from Athens for which they were swiftly defeated, their men sentenced to death, and the women and children to slavery?
Mytilene
In 425, which Athenian general captures 100 Spartans at Sphacteria, a rarity as Spartans typically do not surrender?
Cleon
Which Spartan general forced Athens into a one year truce in 423?
Brasidas
Both the Spartan Brasidas and the Athenian Cleon were killed at what battle, a Spartan victory?
Amphipolis
In 421, what treaty, named after an Athenian statesman, is agreed to by Athens and Sparta?
Nicias
What name is given to the first ten years of the Second Peloponnesian War?
Archidamian War
What Athenian rises to prominence in 420 and convinces Athens to undertake an expedition against Epidaurus, therefore breaking the Peace of Nicias?
Alcibiades
Following the expedition against Epidaurus, Athens then sets out to Sicily to force what Spartan ally from the war?
Syracuse
What sacrilegious event, for which Alcibiades was framed, occurs in Athens at 415?
Mutilation of the Herms (Hermes Statues)
What man is originally accused of the Mutilation of the Herms, but is acquitted?
Alcibiades
Following Alcibiades’s acquittal for the Mutilation of the Herms, who confessed to the crime and fled to Sparta?
Andocides
What man convinced Sparta to fortify Decelea and aid Syracuse after fleeing to Sparta in 414?
Andocides
Whom does Sparta send to aid Syracuse against Athens during the Second Peloponnesian War?
Gylippus
What phenomenon is potentially partly to blame for the failure of the Athenian expedition to Syracuse in 413?
An eclipse
What Athenian general led the expedition of Sicily in 413 and essentially doomed Athens after losing 45,000 men?
Nicias
In 411, what man led “the four hundred”, an oligarchic group, to power in Athens?
Theramenes
“The Four Hundred” led by Theramenes were very quickly replaced as the power group in Athens by what other group?
The Five Thousand
After what Athenian victory, led by Alcibiades, was Athenian democracy restored in 410?
Cyzicus
In what battle of 407 does Alcibiades lose to the Spartan admiral Lysander, for which Alcibiades is removed from command?
Notion
What battle does Athens win in 406?
Arginusae
In what battle of 405 does the Spartan admiral defeat Athens, the final major battle of the Second Peloponnesian War?
Aegospotami
In what year was Athens forced to surrender the Second Peloponnesian War and tear down their Long Walls?
404
Following the Second Peloponnesian War, Sparta set up an oligarchic structure in Athens called what?
Thirty Tyrants
What man officially proposed the institution of the Thirty Tyrants?
Draconides
Who was the most radical of the Thirty Tyrants who condemns his fellow tyrant Theramenes to death in 403?
Critias
Who captains the rebels in a civil war against the Thirty Tyrants leading to the death of Critias?
Thrasybulus
Between what two Persians was there a civil war to contend for the throne?
Cyrus the Younger and Artaxerxes
Who hires 10,000 Greek mercenaries in an attempt to defeat Artaxerxes for the throne of Persia?
Cyrus the Younger
In what battle of 401 were the Greek mercenaries led by Clearchus victorious, but Cyrus was killed?
Cunaxa
Who took command of the leaderless Greek mercenaries following the battle of Cunaxa and led them on the March of the Ten Thousand?
Xenophon
Who wrote the Anabasis, an account of his March of the Ten Thousand?
Xenophon
“Thalassa, Thalassa!” was uttered by the Greek mercenaries once they reached the Black Sea during the March of the Ten Thousand according to whose Anabasis?
Xenophon’s
Who came to the throne of Sparta in 398 and succeeded Lysander as the most important Spartan?
Agesilaus
What term is given to Spartan governors?
Harmosts
What Athenian admiral was appointed commander of a large Persian fleet and defeated the Spartans at Cnidus in 394?
Conon
Who was killed at the siege of Haliartus in 395?
Lysander
In 386, what name was given to the treaty imposed by Persia between them and Sparta?
King’s Peace
Known as the “Aristides of the Second Athenian League”, who organized the finances of the Second Athenian Confederacy in 378?
Callistratus
As part of the Second Athenian Confederacy, Athens allies themselves with what other city?
Thebes
Who led the Athenians to a victory over the Spartans at Naxos in 376?
Chabrias
While Athens and Sparta agreed to the Peace of Callias in 371, what city was excluded from the truce and continued fighting with Sparta?
Thebes
Who led the Thebans to a victory against the Cleombrotus-led Spartans at Leuctra, ending Spartan hegemony?
Epaminondas
Following Sparta’s defeat at what battle was Spartan hegemony ended?
Leuctra
Who laid down
designs for domination of eastern Greece, but was assassinated in 370?
Jason of Pherae
Who became the dominant power in Greece following the battle of Leuctra?
Thebes
What city did Thebes found in 370 (or 369) through synoikismos (synoecism)?
Megalopolis
To keep Sparta in check, Thebes founds Megalopolis and what new league?
Arcadian League
What Theban dies in single combat against Gryllus, the son of Xenophon, at the battle of Mantinea in 362?
Epaminondas
At what battle of 362 did Epaminondas and the Thebans end Spartan prominence forever?
Mantinea
Who came into the rule of Macedon in 364?
Philip II
Having been taken hostage in Thebes at 15 and learning Epaminondas’s infantry tactics, who was able to unite Macedonia and take control of northern Greece?
Philip II
What Athenian orator spoke out against the increasing power of Macedonia?
Demosthenes
Who are the parents of Alexander the Great, who was born in 356?
Philip II and Olympias
What orator, as a counter to Demosthenes, supported Philip II and Macedonia?
Isocrates
What Phocian king was the only man to defeat Philip II, but eventually fell to him?
Onomarchus
During the same period of Philip’s increasing power and influence, who was the financial officer of the Theoric Fund?
Eubulus
What name is given to the invective speeches of Demosthenes against Philip II?
Philippics
What Athenian orator, who overcame a speech impediment by speaking with rocks in his mouth, delivered speeches called the Philippics against Philip II?
Demosthenes
With what treaty of 346 did Athens and Macedonia agree to peace for just 5 years?
Peace of Philocrates
At what battle of 338 did Philip II and Alexander defeat the combined forces of Thebes and Athens?
Chaeronea
After what battle in 338 was Philip II the undisputed master of Greece before he was assassinated in 336?
Chaeronea
Who is victorious at the battle of Chaeronea in 338?
Philip II
Who defeats the Persians at the battle of Granicus in 334?
Alexander
In 333, who famously cuts the Gordian knot with his sword?
Alexander
At what battle of 333 does Alexander defeat the Persian king Darius III?
Issus
Who defeats Darius III at the battle of Issus in 333?
Alexander
What Persian king does Alexander defeat at the battle of Issus in 333?
Darius III
What island city does Alexander capture after a 7 month siege in 332?
Tyre
Alexander conquers Egypt in 332 then founds what city in 331?
Alexandria
At what battle of 331 does Alexander defeat Darius and 200,000 Persians?
Gaugamela
What two Persian capitals do Alexander and the Greeks sack following the battle of Gaugamela?
Susa and Persepolis
What general of Alexander kills Darius III?
Bessus
Who was Alexander’s horse whom was killed in a battle in India?
Bucephalus
Where does Alexander die in 323 at the age of 33?
Babylon
On what specific day does Alexander fall ill and die?
June 13, 323
