Heath Physics Review Flashcards
International Commision of Radiologic Protection
Is an independent organization founded in 1928 they provide recommendations and guidance on all aspects of protection-against ionizing radiation
-has no power to impose laws
National Council on Radaition Protection Measurement (REVISED in 1964)
NCRP is the United States version of the ICRP- founded in 1929 and it seeks to formulate and widely dispersed information guidance and recommendation on radiation protection and measurement .
-Has no power to impose laws
-Deals with educating the public
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NCR)
A government agency that protects the public health and safety ,and the environment for effects of radiation from nuclear reactors materials and waste facilities.
-NRC enforces their functions by imposing laws
How The NCR regulates
Has five main components
- Regulations and Guidance
2.Licensing and certifications
3.Oversight - Operational Experience
5.Support for Decisions
Regulations and Guidance
-Develops mandatory rules for:
1.Transportation of materials
2.The use of materials at nuclear facilities,power plants,research reactors ,uranium mills,fuel facilities and waste respostiries
3. The use of materials for medical industrial and academic purposes
4. The NCR provides guidance on how to comply with their regulations to the above.
Licensing and Certification
-NCR will license the following activites:
1.Construction, operation and decommissioning of commercial reactors and fuel cycle facilities
2.Possession,use, processing exporting and certain aspects of transporting nuclear materials and waste.
3.Setting,design,construction,operations and closure of waste disposal sites.
- You must have a license to perform the above activities
NCR will certify certain activities :
Certification is usually temporary or limited action.
One time transportation or possibly a one time action
NCR License
General Domestic License is given for the use of byproduct materials in certain in vitro clinical labs test- Physicians, Veterinarians, Clinical Lab and Hospitals
-Only In-vitro test- No humans or animals
-Basically used for Testing and non-diagnostic purposes
-Total Byproducrs materials should not exceed:
-200uCi of I-125/I-131/Se-75/Fe-59
-10uCi of C-14
-20 unit of H-3
Specific License (Two Categories)
-Manufacturep of Transfer of byproduct for commercial distribution
- Possess, use and transfer for byproduct material
(Maximum limit/A broad license given to hospital)
These licenses can be given by the- NCR or an agreement state
An agreement state- agrees with the NCR to enforce radiation laws through their department of the health.
-An agreement state assumes responsibilities of the NRC to regulate the use of radioactive materials.
-18 NCR states and 32 Agreement states (NC is one of them)
Oversight- NCR conducts inspections to ensure licenses meet NCR’s regulatory requirements.
Three inspection areas are:
-Nuclear Reactors Oversight
-Nuclear Materials Oversight
- Radioactive waste Oversight
-Will inspect for training of personnel who use materials radiation protection programs,Patient dose records, and security of materials.
NCR enforces through violations
Identified through inspections and investigations
- ALL violations are subject to civil enforcement and subject to criminal prosecution.
-Three primary enforcement sanctions
-Notice of Violation-identifies a requirement and how it was violated and requires corrective action
-Civil Penalites- Monetary fine that may be assessed up to $120,000 per violation per day
-Orders- Modify, suspend or revoke licenses or require specific actions
Operational Experience
- NCR is involved with handling and preventing safety concerns:
-Emergency Response:provides consultation, support assistance to state and local safety
-Events Assessment-reviews daily and long term, analysis of accidents and other reports.
-Generic Issues-Will also identify and resolve safety issues that affect more than one license facilty.
Support For Decisons
To support the decisions that the NRC makes they:
Research- performs experiments technical studies and analysis to help them make realistic decisions
Advisory proposal: Reviews and independent assessment of the regulatory proposal by independent advisory bodies.
Adjudication- A full and fair hearing will be provided for all nuclear related matters
Code of Federal Regulations
- All of the regulations can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations
- It will be expressed in
-10CFR20
-10 =Title
-20= chapter of the title 10
-There are 50 titles with several chapters each
Some chapters to recognize …
10CFR19-Notices,instructions, and reports to workers:
Inspection and investigations
10CFR20- Standards for protection against radiation
10CFR35- Medical use of byproduct materials
10CFR71- Packing and transportation of the radioactive material
Food and Drug Administration
FDA regulates Radiation Emitting Products:
Cell phones
-States all radiation emitting devices must be labeled radioactive
Personal Protection
Units of Measurement- Two main units
-Convetional Radaiation Units
-SI units
Roentgen(R)
Is the amount of ionization that is caused from x and gamma rays. It is the unit to measure person exposure( how much a person is being exposed to)
Exposure can be presented as a rate: Exposure/time most common is mR/hr the survey meters are measured in mR/hr