Heart stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Angina Pectoris (1 of 2)

A

Defined as acute chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia

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2
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

Condition in which the supply of oxygen to the myocardium does not meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium

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3
Q

Types of angina

A

Stable

Vasospstic

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4
Q

Types of angina

A

Silent
Unstable
Angina of effort

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4
Q

Nutritional Therapy of Angina

A

Large meals should be avoided because they increase the work-load of the heart. Plus, blood is diverted to the digestive system and reduced to the coronary arteries.

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5
Q

Why does BMI matter for angina?

A

More fat, more load on the heart

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6
Q

Prophylactically

A

In prevention of

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7
Q

O2 therapy on an acute attack

A

Can make them feel better even if it’s not objectively doing so

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8
Q

Goals in management of angina

A

Decrease frequency and intensity of attacks
Increase exercise tolerance

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9
Q

Organic nitrates and angina

A

Terminate anginal episodes by ___________coronary arteries to _________ O2 needs

Dialate to decrease

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10
Q

Beta adreneergic blocks prevent angina

A

Reducing Cardiac workload by slowing heart down

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10
Q

Calcium channel blockers
and angina

A

Prevent angina episodes by either reducing CO (decrease O2 demand) dilating coronary arteries (increase O2 demand) or both

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11
Q

Organic nitrates

A

Preventing and terminating angina episodes

Relax venous muscle _ reduces preload and decreases O2 demand on myocardium

Relax arterial muscle _ relax spasms and pain can increase oxygen

Can cause reflex tachycardia, HOTN, flushing, and a headache

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12
Q

Nitroglycerin trade names

A

Nitro-Dur, Minitran, Nitrostat, Trinipatch

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13
Q

Therapeutic effects and uses of nitro

A

Acute angina
Acute congestive heart failure
Acute pulmonary edema
Acute myocardial infarction
Severe / emergency hypertension

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14
Q

Mech of action for nitro

A

NO relaxes vascular smooth muscle of arteries (increases O2 supply, decreases afterload and O2 demand) and veins (decreasing preload and O2 demand)

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15
Q

Serious adverse effects of nitro

A

Anaphylaxis, methemogloineamia

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16
Q

Nursing considerations for clients receiving nitro

A

Obtain complete health history including allergies and drug history, characteristics of angina, history of cardiac disorders
Assess vital signs and 12 lead ECG
Obtain lab tests including cardiac enzymes, complete blood count (CBC), kidney and liver function tests
Assess if client has taken phosphodiesterase -5 inhibitors (such as sildenafil) within last 24 hours why?

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17
Q

If Assess if client has taken phosphodiesterase -5 inhibitors (such as sildenafil) within last 24 hours why?

A

VIagra can seriousoly increase risk of storkes and MI

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18
Q

Interventions when administering antiangina med

A

Assess for pain
Asses that it is reducing pain
Monitor BP/Pulse
Ask about ED drug (Can lead to profound hypotension)

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19
Q

When using vasodialotrs which vs do we monitor

A

BP and pulse (will drop BP)

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20
Q

Nitro protocol

A

Pain
1st dose
5min
Pain
2nd dose + 911
5min
Pain
3rd Dose

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21
Q

Nitro glycernin pathces are used for the _____ of angina

A

Prevention

22
Q

Why do we remove nitro pathces

A

Not to OD
Also they can build up a tolerance
To avoid skin irritation

23
Q

Nitro pathces are always placed

A

Upper body
Clean dry skin
Not an arms
Shave hairy skin
Initial with date and time

24
Q

Drugs alternative to nitro fro angina

A

Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers

Also applicable for HTN

25
Q

Attenolol

A

Therapeutic effects and uses
Stable angina, MI
Hypertension
Mechanism of action
Blocks beta1 receptors in heart causing a reduction in HR, and contractility which decreases CO and blood pressure
O2 demand is decreased, relieving angina

26
Q

Beta blockers

A

Block beta receptors in the heart which are sympathetic causing greater parasympathetic response decreaing HR

27
Q

Beta Blocker
Adverse effects

A

Adverse effects
Bradycardia, hypotension
Fatigue, weakness
Nausea, vomiting
At high doses, can block beta2 receptors and exacerbate asthma by promoting bronchoconstriction

28
Q

Metoprolol

A

Beta1 receptor blocker (selecticve)

Does NOT cause bronchconstriction
decreased HR and contractility which decreases myocardial O2 demand

Treats
Angina, MI
Hypertension
Some dysrhythmias
Some cases of congestive heart failure
Migraines

29
Q

Adverse effects of metoprolol

A

HTN
Masks symptoms of hypoglycemia
Cause fatigue
Dizziness
Blurred vision
GI effects

30
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers used for

A

Vasospastic angina, stable angina
Hypertension
Atrial dysrhythmias

31
Q

Calcium channel mech of action

A

Relax arterial muscle (nifedipine, diltiazem)
Increases O2 supply
Decreases afterload, decreasing O2 demand
Some reduce heart rate and contractility (verapamil, diltiazem)
Decreases O2 demand

32
Q

Adverse effects of Ca channel blockers

A

Can exacerbate some dysrythmias
Don’t give to pts with HF - Can INCREASE fluid overload, causing per. edema

33
Q

Heart block

A

AV block, beat slowly or skip a beawt

34
Q

Prototype drub Diltiazem

A

Therapeutic effects and uses
Stable angina
Atrial dysrhythmias
Hypertension

Mechanism of action
Blocks cardiac calcium channels
Decreases HR and force of contraction, decreasing O2 demand of myocardium
Blocks vascular smooth muscle channels
Increases O2 supply in coronary arteries (vasodilation)
Decreases O2 demand by decreasing afterload (decreased HR anf contraction)

35
Q

Adverse Effets of Diltiazem

A

Bradycardia
HOTN (vasodialate)
Flushing, dizziness, headache
Fluid buildup - Periph edema

36
Q

Symptoms of MI

37
Q

Treatment foals og MI infarction

A

Restore blood supply to myocardium
Thrombolytics, organic nitrates

Reduce myocardial oxygen demand
Beta blockers

Control MI‒associated dysrhythmias
Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers

Reduce post-MI mortality
ASA, ACE inhibitors

Manage severe MI pain and anxiety
Analgesics

38
Q

Most common and serious ad erse efefct of thrombolytics

39
Q

Reteplase (Retavase)

A

Used for MI

Mech of action: Functions as a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) converting plasminogen to plasmin, dissolves clots

Adverse effects: Bleeding

N/V, Fever

40
Q

Antiplatlet meds examples

A

ASA chewable, then either ticagrelor or clopidogrel.

41
Q

Antiplatlets useful for MI

A

Dramatically reduces mortality in the coming weeks.
Clopidogrel and ticlopidine (ticid) antiplatelet drugs usen in the prevention of MI

42
Q

Anticoagulants examples

43
Q

Other meds used for MI besides anticoag and platlet

A

Atropine- for symptomatic bradyarrhythmia’s
Dimenhydrinate : Gravol
Fentanyl?
Lorazepam?
Metoclopramide?
Morphine?
Nitro spray?

44
Q

Ace inhibs are given when in an MI

A

Given within 1 – 2 days of onset of MI, following thrombolytic therapy, Captopril and lisinopril have been determined to improve survival.

Improve ventricular remodelling

45
Q

Nutritional Therapy post stroke

A

Sit up pt high when they eat
Assessed by SLP
Check for pocketing

46
Q

TPN

A

Total parental nutrition

47
Q

Why would a person recieve parental nutritoin

A

Colon cancer

48
Q

Enteral feed for diabetes

A

Specifically LOW glucose

49
Q

Indications for tube feed

A

Severe swallowing difficulties
Little or no appetite for extended periods; malnourished
GI obstructions, some types of fistulas, or impaired motility in the upper GI tract
Intestinal resections
Mentally incapacitated
Coma
Extremely high nutrient requirements
Mechanical ventilation

50
Q

Complications with tube feed

A

GI: Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, cramping, distention, constipation

Mechanical: Tube displacement or obstruction, pulmonary aspiration, mucosal damage

Metabolic: Hyperosmolar dehydration or overhydration; Abnormal Na, K, PO4, mg; Hyperglycemia; rapid weight gain

51
Q

Medications by tube

A

Liquid form preferred
Flush before and after meds
Check that medication can be crushed or diluted
Never crush time-released, liquid-filled capsules or enteric coated
Do not mix multiple meds unless compatibility known
If going in jejunum instead of stomach, check effect of medication absorption
May need to stop feed before / after drug – know the protocol for each med with tube feeds
Some tubes have an additional port for medication administration, so you do not have to disconnect reconnect.

52
Q

Components of TPN

A

Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Fats
Electrolytes and Minerals
Vitamins
Trace elements

Two bags

53
Q

TPN issues

A

Catheter probs
Blood clots
Electrolyte and fluid imbalances
BG levels
Liver funciton

54
Q

We allow a certian amount of HTN in CVAs for