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Anantomy > Heart Study Guude 2 > Flashcards

Heart Study Guude 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which vessels, part of the coronary/ cardiac circulation, takes blood from capillaries of heart wall to return to the heart? Oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Coronary veins, deoxygenated

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2
Q

What is the root meaning of the word coronary? Why is it named this way?

A

Coronary= crown because they ( coronary arteries specifically) encircles the heart like a crown on a head.

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3
Q

What’s the word for the connections of arteries that provide an alternate route for blood to reach a particular organ tissue?

A

Anastomoses

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4
Q

True or false: heart muscle cannot receive sufficient oxygen if one of its coronary arteries is partially obstructed?

A

False, because the multiple connections of arteries means the heart can receive enough oxygen, even with one of its arteries partially blocked.

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5
Q

This large vein on the posterior surface of the heart, carries carbon dioxide and waste from the heart wall back into the heart at the right atrium.

A

Coronary sinus

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6
Q

A condition marked by reduced blood flow of the myocardium via the coronary arteries is what ( there is a silent version of this that has no pain prior, is particularly dangerous)? What does it cause?

A

Myocardial ischemia, results in hypoxia

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7
Q

Condition usually accompanied by severe pain( tightness or squeezing) literally means strangled chest.

A

Angina pectoris

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8
Q

A complete obstruction of blood flow in a coronary artery may lead to this, results in death of tissue in heart distal to obstruction. Commonly known as a heart attack, weakens heart.

A

Myocardial infarction

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9
Q

True or false: heart muscle may remain alive in a resting person if it receives only 10-15% of its normal blood supply?

A

True

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10
Q

Percentage of cardiac fibers that can generate action potentials over and over in a rhythmical pattern? These fibers can continue to stimulate heart even after removed from body.

A

1%

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11
Q

Is the condition system composed of nervous tissue or modified cardiac muscle cells?

A

Modified cardiac muscle cells

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12
Q

What feature if the heart is known as the pacemaker of the heart? Sets the pace of action potentials. Where is it located?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node, located in right atrial wall

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13
Q

Quickly summarize how action potential pass through the heart, list 5 steps.

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left at bundle, purkinje fibers

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14
Q

How much time elapse from when the atria contracts to when ventricles contract?

A

Fraction of a second

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15
Q

About how many times does the SA node initiate action potentials per minute? ( this is the fast region of the conduction system)

A

100 times per minute

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16
Q

How is the SA node slowed when a person is at rest?

A

Release of actetylcholine ( Ach) can slow SA node

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17
Q

If a SA node becomes damaged or diseased, what takes over peacemaking?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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18
Q

What is the recording of electrical changes that accompany the heartbeat called?

A

Electrocardiograph (ekg)

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19
Q

How many recognizable waves are clearly picked up by one heartbeat on an EKG? Name them.

A

Pwave- atrial depolarization
QRs complex- ventricular depolarization
Twave- ventricular repolarization

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20
Q

Why is the atrial repolarization masked on the EKG?

A

It’s undistinguishable from the larger QRS complex

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21
Q

What is the name of an abnormal heartbeat rhythm? What caused this?

A

Arrhythmia, defect in conduction system brought on by defects, stress, drugs

22
Q

List common symptoms of irregular heartbeat

A

Chest pain, short breath, light- headedness, dizziness, fainting

23
Q

Know what a heart block is ( page 583): what happens when the atrial rhythm averages 240-360 bpm?

A

Atrial flutter

24
Q

Uncoordinated contractions of the atrial muscles is?

A

Atrial fibrillation

25
Q

Name the condition that can lead to extremely rapid heart rates. Symptoms include palpitations, lightheadedness, even loss of consciousness. Can even lead to cardiac arrest in rare instances.

A

Wolf-Parkinson’s-white (WPW) syndrome

26
Q

All the events associated with one heartbeat is collectively known as?

A

Cardiac cycle

27
Q

What parts of heart contract while which relax and vice versa?

A

Atria contract together, ventricles relax together, atria relax

28
Q

Term for phase of contraction

A

Systole

29
Q

Term for phase of relaxation

A

Diastole

30
Q

What is an abnormal heart sound( clicking, rushing, gurgling) called?

A

Heart murmur

31
Q

Blood volume ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta per minute is known as?

A

Cardiac output

32
Q

Name this serious medical problem, which affects 7 million people( causing 750,000 deaths in US annually), characterized by accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries.

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

33
Q

Name number one risk factor in contrary artery disease?

A

Smoking

34
Q

What are the common treatments of CAD?

A

Drugs, coronary artery bypass grafting, angioplasty, stent

35
Q

Where in the body does the nervous system regulation of the heart originate?

A

Cardiovascular center in the medulla of the brain stem

36
Q

List the stroke volume equation. What does it measure?

A

SV=EDV-ESV, measures blood volume ejected per beat from each ventricle.

37
Q

The more the heart stretched the more forceful are it’s contractions( think rubber band), what is this known as?

A

Frank- sterling law of the heart

38
Q

Condition where the heart is a failing pump. It doesent pump blood as effectively, leaving more blood in the ventricles, often one side fails before the other.

A

Congestive heart failure

39
Q

What conditions happens if right side of the heart fails before left ( blood backs up in systemic blood vessels)? Leave swelling in feet and ankles.

A

Peripheral edema

40
Q

What condition happens if left side of heart fails first? Fluid builds up in lungs resulting in suffocation.

A

Pulmonary edema

41
Q

Heart rate below 50 bpm (60?) is known as what?

A

Bradycardia

42
Q

Heart rate above 100 bpm is known as what?

A

Tachycardia

43
Q

A fluttering is the heart or abnormal rate/ rhythm is known as?

A

Palpitation

44
Q

Name the term for rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized heart contractions.

A

Fibrillation

45
Q

Which hormone coming from the parasympathetic division of ANS slows heart rate?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

46
Q

Which hormones coming from the sympathetic division ANS speed heart?

A

Norepinephrine & thyroid hormones

47
Q

Which hormones decrease heart rate and force of contraction?

A

Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K)

48
Q

Which ion increases heart rate and force contractions?

A

Calcium (Ca)

49
Q

True or false: it’s abnormal for a little baby to have a resting heart rate over 120 bpm

A

False

50
Q

Activities that increase Cardiac output and metabolic rate by working large body muscles for over 20 minutes are known as?

A

Aerobic

Anantomy (12 decks)

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