Heart Study Guide Flashcards
How much of the hearts mass of lying to the left of the body’s midline?
2/3s
What is an easy representation of the hearts size?
Size of a closed fist
The inferior angle (pointed end) of the heart is the?
Apex
Name the anatomical region that the heart is within, which also includes all visceral organs within the thoracic cavity excluding the lungs?
Mediastinum
Name the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. It had two parts.
Pericardium, fibrous and serous parts
The serous parts of the pericardium has a partial and visceral layer. Name this membrane layer that adheres tightly to the surface of the heart.
Epicardium
Between the parietal and visceral layers of pericardium is a cavity and fluid, what are they called and what does it do?
Pericardial fluid, reduces friction between beat.
Name the 3 layers of the heart wall.
Epicardium (outer) myocardium (middle) endocardium (inner)
State the thin transparent outer layer of the heart wall previously mentioned.
Epicardium
Name the heart wall layer that constitutes the bulk of the heart, consisting of cardiac tissue, and is found only in the heart with a special structure and function.
Myocardium
True or false: cardiac muscle fibers do not form into separate networks.
False
How many times longer do cardiac muscle fibers contract over skeletal muscle fibers?
10-15 times longer of a contraction
Name the thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the myocardium (chambers) and covers the valves and tendons attaches to the valves.
Endocardium
How many chambers does the heart have ?
4
Two upper chambers (“entry wall”) are known as what?
Atria
Two lower chambers (“little bellies”) are known as what?
Ventricles
Between the two upper chambers is a thin partition, what is it called?
Interatrial septum
A preliminary feature of this dividing septum is called? What is it remnant of?
Fossa ovalis, remnant of foreman oval ( opening of baby heart-non functioning lungs in utero)
What separates the right and left ventricles of the heart?
Interventricular septum
Name this wrinkled pouchlike structure that is shaped of a dogs ear. What is its function?
Auricle, slightly increase the capacity of a atrium to hold more blood
What is the deep groove that encircles most of the heart and marks the boundary of the superior atria and inferior ventricles?
Coronary sulcus
Name the shallow groove on the anterior side that marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles.
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Name the continuation of this groove to the posterior aspect of the hear, still divides the ventricles.
Posterior interventricular sulcus
True or fake: the thickness of the myocardium of the chambers varies according to the amount of work that each chamber has to perform.
True
Which side of the heart is noticeably thicker?
Left
The right ventricle only needs to pump blood where? Kind of circulation?
To the pulmonary trunk, then to the lungs- pulmonary circulation.
The left ventricle must pump blood where?
To aorta, then to all other parts of the body. It must work harder than it’s left counter part to maintain same blood flow.
What kind of blood vessels always carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What kind of blood vessels carry blood to the heart?
Veins
Name the 3 veins that go into the right atrium.
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
Which vessels derive from the right ventricle?
Pulmonary trunk, divided into right and left pulmonary arteries that go to the lungs.
Name the vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Pulmonary veins( there are 4 of them)
Through where does the blood leave the left ventricle to then circle the entire body?
(Ascending) aorta
Name the structure between the pulmonary trunk and the ascending aorta, it’s remnant of what?
Ligamentum arteriosum, remnant of ductus arteriosus ( blood vessel in baby in utero circulation)
How many valves does the heart have?
4
How do the valves open and close?
They respond to pressure changes when the cardiac muscle contracts and relaxes.
Name the atrioventricular (AV) valve that operates between the right atrium and right ventricle. Why is it called this?
Tricuspid valve, because it has 3 cusps.
Name the tendon-like cords that prevent the cusps from pushing up into the atria when ventricles contract.
Chordae tendinae
Name the muscle ridges in the ventricles.
Trabeculae Carneae
What are the cardiac muscle projections located on the inner surface of ventricles?
Papillary muscles
Name the atrioventricular (AV) valve between the left atrium and left ventricle. Why is it named this?
Bicuspid (mitral) valve, because it has 2 cusps.
How many pulmonary veins are there that return to the heart from the lungs? Blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?
4, oxygenated
What type of heart valve is near the origins of the pulmonary trunk and aorta? Name the two.
Semilunar valves- pulmonary valve leads to pulmonary trunk, aortic valve leads to aorta
Failure of a heart valve to close completely is known as what?
Insufficiency
Narrowing of the heart valve opening that restricts blood flow known as?
Stenosis
Name this condition where one or both Cusps of the mitral valve protrude into left atrium, causing backflow of blood into left atrium from left ventricle. It’s the most common valvular disorder with as much as 30% of population affected.
Mitral valve prolapse
Name the backflow of blood from the aorta into left ventricle.
Aortic insufficiency
Name the acute systemic inflammatory disease that can occur after strep throat, which can damage the valves of the heart and heart wall ( most commonly the mitral and aortic valves).
Rheumatic fever
Which vessels, part of the coronary/ cardiac circulation, leaves the aorta to supply blood to the heart wall? High blood pressure in aorta propels blood through these vessels. Oxygenated or deoxygenated?
Coronary arteries, oxygenated
