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Embryology > Heart Development > Flashcards

Heart Development Flashcards

1
Q

What days does heart tube formation occur?

A

18 - 22d

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2
Q

Heart development begins within the ____ ___.

A

cardiogenic mesoderm

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3
Q

Where is the cardiogenic mesoderm located?

A

in an area of splanchnic mesoderm cranial and lateral to the oropharyngeal membrane

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4
Q

The 1st sign of heart formation occurs at day ___ and is noted by a solid, ___ shaped endothelial cord that forms within the ___ mesoderm.

A

18; horseshoe; cardiogenic

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5
Q

___ form cell clusters and small cavities form within the ___ lined with endothelial cells creating ___ that fuse to form vessels in a process known as ___.

A

Angioblasts; islands; channels; vasculogenesis

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6
Q

The angioblastic cord is ___ to the oropharynngeal membrane at day 20.

A

cranial

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7
Q

What creates the primordial heart tube?

A

lateral folding

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8
Q

T/F. The medial sides of the horseshoe-shaped endothelial tube fold in dorsally and laterally, approaching the midline to FUSE, forming a single primordial heart tube.

A

False, the LATERAL sides of the horseshoe-shaped endothelial tube fold in VENTRALLY and MEDIALLY, approaching the midline to fuse, forming a single primordial heart tube.

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9
Q

Prior to caudal cranial folding, the heart tube is located ___ to the oropharyngeal membrane and ___ to the pericardial cavity.

A

rostral; ventral

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10
Q

After cranial caudal folding, the heart tube is located ___ to the oropharyngeal membrane and ___ to the pericardial cavity.

A

caudal; dorsal

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11
Q

What is the relationship of the heart tube to the foregut and septum transversum after cranial caudal folding has occurred?

A

ventral to foregut and rostral to septum transversum

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12
Q

The umbilical ___ carries well-oxygenated blood and nutrients from the chorionic sac to the embryo. The umbilical ___ carry poorly oxygenated blood and waste products from the embryo to the chorionic sac.

A

vein; arteries

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13
Q

Where does the umbilical vein carry blood to?

A

the sinus venosus

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14
Q

The ___ veins return poorly oxygenated blood from the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac).

A

vitelline

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15
Q

The ___ veins have an anterior and posterior component that drain the cranial and caudal parts of the embryo into the sinus venosus.

A

cardinal

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16
Q

What vessels are the cardiac input and output vessels of the developing fetus?

A

input - umbilical vein

output - umbilical arteries

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17
Q

What structure becomes the future pericardial cavity?

A

pericardial coelom

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18
Q

The heart is initially suspended from the dorsal wall by a mesentery, ___ ___, but it will eventually degenerate forming a communication between the right and left sides of the pericardial cavity known as the ___ ___ ___.

A

dorsal mesocardium; transverse pericardial sinus

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19
Q

What time period does the dorsal mesocardium degenerate and the transverse pericardial sinus form?

A

from day 22 - 28

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20
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

day 22 or 23

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21
Q

The pharyngeal arch aa will connect to what structure?

A

dorsal aortae

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22
Q

What structure of the tubular heart is found closest to the aortic sac and pharyngeal arch aa?

A

bulbus cordis

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23
Q

What are the two components of the bulbus cordis?

A

truncus arteriosus and conus cordis (primitive right ventricle)

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24
Q

The truncus arteriosus develops into the __ ___ and ___ and the caudal conus cordis form the ___ ___.

A

pulmonary trunk; aorta; right ventricle

25
Q

List the order to tubular heart structures from cranial to caudal.

A
  1. pharyngeal arch aa
  2. bulbus cordis
  3. bulboventricular sulcus with primary interventricular foramen
  4. primordial ventricle
  5. atrioventricular sulcus with atrioventricular canal
  6. primordial atrium
  7. sinoatrial canal
  8. sinus venosus
26
Q

The primordial ventricle becomes the ___ ventricle and the primordial atrium develops into the right and left ___ and portions of the atria.

A

left; auricles

27
Q

What does the sinus venosus form?

A

coronary sinus and sinus venarum

28
Q

What day range does cardial loop formation occur?

A

days 22 - 28

29
Q

T/F. As the heart folds, its cranial end will shift ventrally, caudally, and to the right. Its caudal end will shift dorsally and superiorly.

A

True

30
Q

At day 22, the boundaries of the pericardial cavity exclude what structures of the tubular heart?

A

pharyngeal arch aa, the primordial atrium and the sinus venosus

31
Q

List the circulation through the primordial heart.

A

Sinus venosus  primordial atrium  atrioventricular (AV) canal  left ventricle (primordial ventricle)  interventricular (IV) foramen  right ventricle  conus cordis  truncus arteriosus  aortic sac  pharyngeal aa.  dorsal aortae

32
Q

What time period does partitioning of the heart occur?

A

week 4 - 7

33
Q

T/F. When partitioning the atrioventricular (AV) canal, endothelial cells near the AV junction revert to mesenchymal state.

A

True.

34
Q

Endothelial cells invade the underlying cardiac ___ and proliferate. This causes the endocardium to bulge out into the AV canal from it dorsal and ventral walls.

A

jelly

35
Q

Dorsal and ventral ___ ___ develop and fuse, forming an ___ ___ that divides the atrioventricular canal into right and left AV canals. (SWAN)

A

endocardial cushions; atrioventricular septum

36
Q

Which interatrial septum develops from the roof of the primordial atrium as a thin, moon-shaped membrane to fuse with the endocardial cushions?

A

septum primum

37
Q

What is the name of the opening between the inferior edge of the septum and the endocardial cushions called?

A

foramen primum

38
Q

When the septum primum fuses with the endocardial cushions what structure is closed?

A

foramen primum

39
Q

Holes form in the spetum primum through ___ and they will unite to form the ___ ___.

A

apoptosis; foramen secundum

40
Q

As the foramen secundum is being formed, a thicker ___ ___ develops from the roof of the primordial atrium, slightly to the right of the ___ ___.

A

septum secundum; septum primum

41
Q

As the septum secundum grows inferiorly, what opening is developed?

A

foramen ovale (oval foramen)

42
Q

Blood entering the heart now passes from ___ to ___ atrium through the foramen oval and foramen secundum.

A

right; left

43
Q

T/F. Before birth, blood flows from the left to right atrium through the foramen primum.

A

False, before birth, blood flows from the RIGHT to LEFT atrium through the foramen ovale.

44
Q

Why does the foramen ovale close off after birth?

A

After birth, the blood pressure within the L atrium now exceeds that in the R.

45
Q

The change in pressure in the L atrium pushes the valve of the foramen ovale against the ___ ___ and they fuse. It is then known as a depression in the ___ atrium as the ___ ___.

A

septum secundum; RIGHT; fossa ovalis

46
Q

T/F. The muscular portion of the IV septum grows cranially toward the AV septum and fuses with it.

A

False, the muscular portion of the IV septum grows cranially toward the AV septum and does NOT fuse.

47
Q

The opening between the right and left ventricles is called the ___ foramen.

A

interventricular

48
Q

The membranous portion of the IV septum is derived from the mesenchyme of the ___ ___ tissue.

A

endocardial cushion

49
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Occurrence 25% of heart defects

50
Q

T/F. VSD is failure of the IV septum to completely form.

A

True.

51
Q

T/F. 30 - 50% of small VSDs close spontaneously in the 1st year.

A

True.

52
Q

What conditions make up Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

P: pulmonary stenosis
R: right ventricular hypertrophy
O: overriding aorta
V: VSD (interventricular septal defect)

53
Q

How is Tetratology of Fallot formed?

A

In Tetratology of Fallot, the aorticopulmonary septum divides the outfow tract unequally, resulting in stenosis of the pulmonary trunk and an overriding aorta.

54
Q

What 3 paired veins drain into the sinus venosus?

A

vitelline vv
umbilical vv
common cardinal vv

55
Q

Originally, the sinus venosus opens directly into the central ___ wall of the primordial ___.

A

dorsal; atrium

56
Q

Opening of the sinus venosus into the primordial atrium shits to the ___, opening into the future ___ atrium.

A

right; right

57
Q

what does the right horn of the sinus venosus become?

A

sinus venarum of the right atrium

58
Q

What does the left horn of the sinus venosus develop into and what does it drain into?

A

coronary sinus that drains into the right atrium

59
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins develop?

A

the smooth portion of the inner wall of the left atrium

Embryology (6 decks)

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