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Embryology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ of the primordial gut gives rise to the gut.

A

endoderm

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2
Q

During body folding (week ___), endoderm from the dorsal portion of ___ ___ is incorporated into the embryo.

A

4; yolk sac

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3
Q

The yolk sac forms the _____ (innermost/outermost) lining of the primitive gut tube.

A

innermost

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4
Q

The endoderm of the primordial gut gives rise to the gut, ____ lining, and ___ of the GI tract.

A

epithelial; glands

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5
Q

what forms during head folding?

A

foregut

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6
Q

what forms during tail folding

A

hindgut

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7
Q

The primordial gut is initially closed at its cranial end by the ____ membrane, and at its caudal end by the ____ membrane.

A

oropharyngeal; cloacal

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8
Q

During ____ (lateral/caudal) folding, the yolk sac ____ (endoderm/ectoderm) is incorporated as embryonic ____(midgut/hindgut).

A

lateral; endoderm; midgut

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9
Q

The oropharyngeal membrane ruptures at __ weeks and the cloacal membrane ruptures at __ weeks to allow for swallowing of the amniotic fluid.

A

4; 8

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10
Q

The omphaloenteric, or _____, duct is the connection between the ___ ___ and the ___-gut.

A

Vitelline; yolk sac; mid-gut

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11
Q

what forms the smooth muscle and connective tissues of the GI tract, including the mesenteries?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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12
Q

The _____ (endoderm/ectoderm/mesoderm) forms the peritoneum and mesenteries.

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

what is a double layer of peritoneum that suspends an organ from the body wall?

A

Mesentery

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14
Q

which serous membrane lines the abdominal cavity?

A

parietal peritoneum

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15
Q

which serous membrane lines organs?

A

visceral peritoneum

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16
Q

T/F. Parietal peritoneum is derived from splanchnic mesoderm.

A

False. Parietal peritoneum is derived from somatic mesoderm.

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17
Q

Visceral peritoneum is derived from which mesoderm, splanchnic or somatic?

A

splanchnic

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18
Q

The ventral mesentery is resorbed ____ (superior/inferior) to foregut.

A

inferior

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19
Q

T/F. The dorsal mesentery is more widespread than the ventral mesentery.

A

true.

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20
Q

T/F. The ventral mesogastrium forms the falciform ligament and the lesser omentum

A

True.

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21
Q

What two ligaments can be located in the lesser omentum?

A

hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments

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22
Q

what migrates into the walls of the GI tract to form the enteric nervous system during week 5-7)?

A

neuroectoderm/neural crest cells

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23
Q

Which vessel supplies the foregut? midgut? and hindgut?

A

celiac trunk; SMA; IMA

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24
Q

what is the arterial supply to the pharynx?

A

pharyngeal arch aa

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25
Q

what are the foregut derivates?

A

pharynx, lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, proximal 1/2 duodenum, liver, gallbladder, biliary system, and pancreas

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26
Q

During week 4, what is the respiratory diverticulum that appears on the ventral side of the foregut that will become the trachea, respiratory tree and lungs?

A

tracheo-bronchical diverticulum (lung bud)

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27
Q

T/F. As the stomach enlarges caudal to the esophagus, its ventral side expands faster than the greater curvature.

A

False.
The DORSAL side = greater curvature
The VENTRAL side = lesser curvature.

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28
Q

In which direction does the stomach rotate?

A

90o Clockwise (if looking from superior view)

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29
Q

The ventral side (lesser curvature) ends up on which side of the body? How does this affect the vagus nerve distribution?

A

VENTRAL = right

LEFT vagus supplies the ventral stomach

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30
Q

The dorsal side (greater curvature) ends up on which side of the body? How does this affect the vagus nerve distribution?

A

DORSAL = left

RIGHT vagus supplies the dorsal stomach

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31
Q

As the stomach rotates, which direction is the dorsal mesogastrium carried?

A

left

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32
Q

the rotation of the dorsal mesogastrium to the left creates what space?

A

omental bursa (lesser sac of the peritoneum)

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33
Q

The omental bursal is a recess between what two areas?

A

stomach and posterior abdominal wall

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34
Q

what structure is carried to the left when the dorsal mesogastrium rotates?

A

spleen

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35
Q

what structure is formed when the dorsal mesogastrium begins to form a flap over the small intestines?

A

greater omentum

36
Q

T/F. The greater omentum is a single layer that hangs over the transverse colon.

A

False. It is a double layer over the transverse colon.

37
Q

The ____ (proximal/distal) 1/2 of the duodenum is in the foregut and therefore supplied by the __ __.

A

proximal; celiac trunk

38
Q

The ___ (proximal/distal) 1/2 of the duodenum is in the midgut and therefore is supplied by the _ _ _.

A

distal; SMA

39
Q

what structure represents the split between the foregut and the midgut?

A

major duodenal papilla (opening for the pancreatic and common bile ducts)

40
Q

What direction does the duodenum rotate with the stomach?

A

clockwise

41
Q

T/F. The duodenum and pancreas are not retroperitoneal.

A

False. The distal duodenum and pancreas becomes pressed against the posterior abdominal wall.

42
Q

What is lost when the duodenum and pancreas move retroperitoneal?

A

their dorsal mesenteries fuse with parietal peritoneum and are lost.

43
Q

The duodenum and pancreas are _____ retroperitoneal.

A

secondarily

44
Q

The ____ diverticulum emerges ventrally from ____ (endoderm/ectoderm) of distal foregut (week4) and grows superiorly toward the ____ ___ to give rise to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts.

A

hepatic; endoderm; septum transversum (future diaphragm)

45
Q

T/F. The liver, gall bladder, biliary tree and pancreas all develop as endodermal diverticula from the distal foregut.

A

True.

46
Q

What are the names of the two endodermal buds that emerge from the pancreas?

A

dorsal and ventral buds

47
Q

T/F. As the duodenum rotates, the dorsal bud swings clockwise and fuses with the ventral bud.

A

False. The VENTRAL bud rotates and fuses with the dorsal bud.

48
Q

The structures of the pancreas does the ventral bud form?

A

uncinate process and inferior portion of the head of the pancreas

49
Q

What is the structure called that forms from the distal portion of the dorsal bud duct and the ventral bud duct?

A

main pancreatic duct

50
Q

T/F. The main pancreatic duct forms from the proximal dorsal bud duct.

A

False. The accessory pancreatic duct forms from the proximal dorsal bud duct.

51
Q

T/F. The ventral bud of the pancreas develops in two portions.

A

True.

52
Q

If the ventral bud portions dont fuse during rotation, each portion may wrap around the duodenum and obstruct it. What condition is this?

A

Annular pancreas

53
Q

what are the midgut derivatives?

A

distal 1/2 duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and appendix, ascending colon, and proximal 2/3 transverse colon

54
Q

The midgut forms a __-shaped loop.

A

U

55
Q

The vitelline duct is where the ____ limb and ___ limb meet.

A

cranial; caudal

56
Q

What three structures does the cranial limb of the midgut include?

A

distal duodenum, jejunum, proximal ileum

57
Q

what five structures does the caudal limb of the midgut include?

A

distal ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and prox 2/3 transverse colon

58
Q

What leads to temporary herniation of midgut loop into the proximal umbilical cord during weeks 6 - 10 of development? What is this condition called?

A

insufficient room in the abdominal cavity. Physiological umbilical hernia

59
Q

If an umbilical hernia persist after birth, what is it called?

A

congenital omphalocoele

60
Q

What is noted in a newborn with congenital omphalocoele?

A

viscera covered by amnion and WITHIN proximal umbilical cord

61
Q

What condition is often associated with chromosomal abnormalities and results in high mortality?

A

congenital omphalocoele

62
Q

T/F. Gastrochisis involves the umbilical cord.

A

False. It does NOT involve the umbilical cord. It results from herniation thru the anterior body wall.

63
Q

when does the first midgut rotation occur?

A

week 6

64
Q

what is the direction of the 1st midgut rotation? What is the axis of rotation?

A

90o counter-clockwise.

SMA

65
Q

when does the 2nd midgut rotation occur?

A

week 10 as the intestine return to the abdomen

66
Q

T/F. The cranial limb return first during the 2nd midgut rotation.

A

True.

67
Q

what is the direction of the second midgut rotation?

A

180o counter clockwise

68
Q

T/F. The ascending and descending colon are secondarily retroperitoneal.

A

true.

69
Q

what four structures are secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

distal duodenum
pancreas
ascending colon
descending colon

70
Q

define secondarily retroperitoneal

A

originally developed within the peritoneal cavity, but shifted into retroperitoneal position due to GI growth and rotation.

71
Q

What structure is primarily retroperitoneal?

A

kidneys

72
Q

what structures are intraperitoneal?

A

(stomach and) prox duodenum
jejunum, ileum
transverse colon
sigmoid colon

73
Q

If there is no 2nd midgut rotation, the ___ (cranial/caudal) limb returns first and occupies the left side of the abdominal cavity known as left-sided colon.

A

caudal

74
Q

what is the result if the 2nd midgut rotation is reversed?

A

midgut and hindgut are in normal position except duodenum is ventral to the transverse colon (not retroperitoneal)

75
Q

what condition results from abnormal rotation that caused intestinal loop twisting around mesenteric attachment sites?

A

vovulus

76
Q

define stenosis.

A

the abnormal narrowing of a lumen/orifice (tubular organ or structure)

77
Q

what condition results when a body lumen or orifice is abnormally closed or absent?

A

atresia

78
Q

what is an abnormal passageway between two organs/vessels or between an organ and the external environment?

A

Fistula

79
Q

what are the hindgut derivates?

A

distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and superior portion of the anal canal

80
Q

what two structures are derived from the posterior portion of the cloaca after it is partitioned by the urorectal septum?

A

rectum and superior portion of the anal canal

81
Q

A ____ septum grown inferiorly toward the cloacal membrane, dividing it into ____ and ____ membranes.

A

urorectal; urogenital; anal

82
Q

The urorectal septum partitions the cloaca into the ___ ___ (ventrally) and ___ ___ (dorsally).

A

urogenital sinus; anorectal canal

83
Q

what causes hindgut fistulas?

A

if the urorectal septum fails to completely separate the hindgut from the urogenital sinus or if the cloaca is too small

84
Q

T/F. Hirschsprung’s disease (aganglionic megacolon) results when neural crest cells fail to migrate and form the enteric nervous system.

A

True.

85
Q

The aganglionic portion ____ (dilates/constricts) causing the bowel to distend proximal the (dilation/constriction) leading to severe constipation and failure to thrive.

A

constricts; constriction

Embryology (6 decks)

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