Heart and control of the heart rate Flashcards

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1
Q

Atria

A
  • Thin walls - large amounts of elastic tissue
  • Stretches when filled with blood
  • Pressure increases in chamber = atrioventricular valves forced open
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2
Q

Ventricles

A
  • Thicker muscular walls - contract strongly to pump blood long distance
  • Fill with blood = pressure increases forcing atrioventricular valves to close and semilunar valves to open
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3
Q

Valves

A
  • Prevent backflow of blood - one direction
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4
Q

Types of valves

A
  • Atrioventricular valves

- Semi-lunar valves

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5
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A
  • Between atria and ventricles

- Close when pressure in ventricle exceeds pressure in atria

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6
Q

Semi-lunar valves

A
  • In aorta and pulmonary artery (between ventricles and arteries)
  • Close when pressure in arteries exceed pressure in ventricles
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7
Q

Left atrioventricular valve

A
  • Bicuspid valve
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8
Q

Right atrioventricular valve

A
  • Tricuspid valve
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9
Q

Left semi-lunar valve

A
  • Aortic valve
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10
Q

Right semi-lunar valve

A
  • Pulmonary valve
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11
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • Myogenic

- Contraction is initiated from within the muscle (NOT IMPULSE)

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12
Q

SAN

A
  • Sinoatrial node - wall of right atrium
  • Initial stimulus for contraction of the atria - origin
  • Pacemaker - basic rhythm of stimulation
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13
Q

The SAN

A
  • Wave of electrical activity spreads out across the atria = contract
  • Atrioventricular septum (tissue between A and V) - stops the wave from crossing the ventricles
    = non-conductive
  • Wave passes to AVN
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14
Q

The AVN

A
  • Between atria
  • Stimulus from SAN - short delay - sends wave of electrical activity between ventricles along special muscle fibres
  • Purkyne fibres = Bundles of his
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15
Q

Bundle of His

A
  • Conducts the wave - atrioventricular septum to the base of the ventricles = branches out into smaller Purkyne tissue
  • Wave released = ventricles contract quickly from apex of heart upwards
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16
Q

Resting heart rate

A
  • 70 beats per min
17
Q

Why and when does the heart rate alter?

A
  • Meet the changing demands for oxygen

- Exercise/sleep

18
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Controls changes to the resting heart rate

- 2 centres

19
Q

Centres of the MO

A
  • Centre that increases HR - linked to SAN by sympathetic NS (STRESS)
  • Centre that decreases HR - linked to SAN by parasympathetic NS (Peaceful)
20
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • Found in the wall of the carotid artery = carotid body

- Detect a change in the blood + regulate breathing and blood pressure

21
Q

Hypoxia

A
  • Lack of O2
    = Increase in ventilation - CO2 levels are high
  • Lowers blood pH
22
Q

During exercise

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increases blood flow
  • CO2 is removed more quickly
23
Q

After exercise

A
  • Decreased heart rate
  • Decreases blood flow
  • Co2 removed at normal rate
24
Q

Pressure receptors

A
  • Found in the wall of carotid artery + aorta
  • Always sending impulses + heart is always beating
  • Change in more/less impulses sent + HR increases/decreases
25
Q

High BP

A
  • Pressure receptors transmit more nerve impulses to centre in MO
    = Decrease heart rate
  • Centre sends impulses via parasympathetic NS to SAN = decrease heart rate
26
Q

Low BP

A
  • Pressure receptors transmit more nerve impulses to centre in MO
    = Increase HR
  • Centre sends impulses via sympathetic NS to SAN = increase heart rate
27
Q

A woman takes moderate exercise. Explain what causes her heart rate to increase while she increases. (6 marks)

A
  • Rate of respiration increases in muscle cells
  • CO2 concentration increases = pH falls
  • Chemoreceptors in aortic/carotid bodies
  • Impulses to medulla centre
  • Increased frequency of impulses
  • Along sympathetic pathway to SAN
28
Q

Describe the route taken when electrical impulses are transmitted from the sinoatrial node to the muscles of the ventricles in a healthy heart. (2 marks)

A
  • Through cardiac muscle
  • To atrioventricular node
  • Along bundle of His/ Purkyne fibres
29
Q

Explain how information from these ECG traces suggest that the damage caused to the diseased heart is unlikely to have affected the sinoatrial node. (2 marks)

A
  • Sinoatrial node in the right atrium
  • Trace from healthy person is identical to the trace for the diseased heart in the region of the atria/ only differences seen in trace for ventricles.
30
Q

A principle of homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment. An increase in the concentration of co2 would change the internal environment and blood pH. Explain the importance of maintaining a constant blood pH. (3 marks)

A
  • Haemoglobin/amylase in blood is sensitive to change in pH
  • Resultant change of charge/ shape
  • Less oxygen binds with haemoglobin/ less transport across membrane so fewer substrate can fit active site = fewer enzyme-substrate complexes.
31
Q

The cardiac cycle is controlled by the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN). Describe how. (5 marks)

A
  • SAN initiates heartbeat
  • SAN sends wave of electrical activity across atria causing atrial contraction
  • AVN delays impulses
  • Allowing atria to empty before ventricles contract
  • AVN sends wave of electrical activity down Bundle of HIS
  • Causing ventricles to contract from base up
32
Q

Name the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart muscle. (1 mark)

A

Coronary artery