Heart Flashcards
What is the myocardium
cardiac muscle arranged into a spiral
What is the endocardium
Smooth endothelium that lines the inside of the heart
What is Cardiac Tamponade
Fluid leaks into the fibrous pericadium and compresses the heart impeding venous return.
What is an external sign that someone may have cardiac tamponade
Enlarged external jugular vein
What are the two pericardial sinuses
Transverse pericardial sinus
Oblique pericardial sinus
Which pericardial sinus lies posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Transverse pericardial sinus
Which pericardial sinus lies posterior to the heart and is surrounded by the left and right pulmonary veins
Oblique pericardial sinus
What gives blood supply to the heart and pericardium
Pericardiacophrenic artery
Bronchial artery
Esophageal artery
Coronary arteries
What artery is the main supplier of the pericardium
Pericardiacophrenic artery
What innervates the heart and pericardium
Phrenic nerve (sensory) Sympathetic trunk (vasomotor) Vagus
Where would someone feel pericardial pain
Behind the sternum
What is inflammation of the pericardium called
Pericaditis
What causes a pulmonary embolism
Obstruction of the pulmonary arteries due to a blood clot
What happens to the chambers of the heart during a pulmonary embolism
The blood backs up and flows back into the right ventricle and atrium, causing it to dilate
What is a saddle embolus
Clot that block the entire pulmonary trunk
What are the parts of each heart valve
Valve Orifice
Fibrous ring (anulus)
Cusps
What are the 4 major valves of the heart
Pulmonary
Aortic
Mitral (bicuspid)
Tricuspid
What is another name for the mitral and tricuspid valve?
Left and Right atrioventricular valve
What makes the lub sound of the heart
Contraction of ventricles
Closure of tricuspid and mitral valve
What makes the Dub sound
Closure of Pulmonary and aortic valve
Where can you listen to the pulmonary valve
Over left intercostal space
Where can you listen to the aortic valve
Over right intercostal space
Where can you listen to the Mitral valve
Left fifth intercostal space at midclavicular line
Where can you listen to the tricuspid valve
left fifth intercostal space at its border with the sternum
What is the most diseased valve? Why?
Mitral valve
Due to explosive closing and opening causing microabrasions to vavle cusps
What is an ear like appendage on each of the atriums
Auricle
What separates the pectinate muscles in the right atrium from the sinus of the venae cavae
Crista terminalis
What structure of the heart represents the embryonic sinus venosus
Sinus of the venae cavae
What structure of the heart is a remnant of the foramen ovale
Fossa Ovalis
What is it called when a small foramen ovale exists in adults
Prode patent foramen
What is it called when the foramen ovale is large in adults
Atrial septal defect
What chambers + vessels dilate during atrial septal defect
Right atrium
Right Ventrical
Pulmonary trunk
What are the papillary muscles in the right ventricle
Anterior
Posterior
Septal
What is the purpose of the choradae tendineae
Prevents eversion of the valve during ventricular contraction
What transmits the right bundle branch of the conduction system to the papillary muscles
Moderator band (Septomarginal Trabecula
How many pulmonary veins drain into the left artium
4
Where is the aortic vestibule located
Smooth-walled portion of left ventricle below cusps of aortic valve
What are the 4 parts of the septal wall
Interatrial septum
Atrioventricular septum
Membranous interventricular septum
muscular septum
What parts of the septum form the membranous part of the septal wall
Interatrial septum
Atrioventricular septum
membranous interventricular septum
What causes hypertrophy of the heart
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
What causes the heart chambers to enlarge
Septal defects Valve incompetency (leaky valves)
What do the aortic and pulmonary valves consist of?
Nodules
Lunules
Sinuses
Since the aortic and pulmonary valves do not have chordae tendonae how to they close
The sinuses fill with blood and close the valves
Are the coronary arteries high or low pressure?
Low pressure
What are the branches of the Right coronary artery
Sinuatrial nodal artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior interventricular artery
What branch of the right coronary artery, if damaged/blocked will require a person to have a pace maker?
Sinuatrial Nodal Artery
What are the branches of the left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular artery
Circumflex artery
What is Coronary artery cominance
Which coronary artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery
70% Right; 30% left
What coronary artery supplies the conduction system?
Right coronary artery
What coronary artery supplies the majority of the heart
Left coronary artery
What coronary arteries can anastomose together
Right Coronary + circumflex
Anterior and posterior interventricular arteries
What veins drain into the Coronary sinus
Great Cardiac vein Middle Cardiac Vein Small Cardiac vein Posterior vein of L.Ventricle Oblique vein of L, Ventricle
What is the smallest vein of the heart
Venae Cordis minimae
Where do the veins of the left and right ventricle drain into
Right atrium
What is atherosclerosis
Deposition of lipid plaques on the inner walls of arteries
What is angina pectris
Substernal chest pain
Symptom of partial occlusion of coronary artery (ischemia of heart)
What causes myocardial infarction
coronary branch of heart becomes completely occluded
What are the common sites of myocardial infarction
40-50% = Anterior interventricular artery
30-40% right coronary artery
15-20% circumflex artery
Does the heart require nerve supply?
No
Why does the heart need nerves
To increase and decrease HR
What does sympathetic activation of the heart cause
Increase HR and STR or contraction
Dilates coronary arteries
What does Parasympathetic activation of the Heart Cause
Decrease HR and Str of contraction
constricts coronary arteries
What innervates that heart via cardiac plexus
Superficial Cardiac Plexus
Deep Cardiac plexus
What gives sympathetic innervation of the heart
sympathetic trunk (T1-T4)
What gives parasympathetic innervation to the heart
Vagus
What gives sensory innervation to the heart
Sympathetic branch of Vagus
What are the parts of the conduction system of the heart
Sinuatrial Node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
subendocardial plexus
Where do conduction impulses start at
Sinuatrial node
What is the remnant of the embryonic ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum Arteriosum
