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Gorss Anatomy 2 Exam 2 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the myocardium

A

cardiac muscle arranged into a spiral

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2
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Smooth endothelium that lines the inside of the heart

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3
Q

What is Cardiac Tamponade

A

Fluid leaks into the fibrous pericadium and compresses the heart impeding venous return.

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4
Q

What is an external sign that someone may have cardiac tamponade

A

Enlarged external jugular vein

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5
Q

What are the two pericardial sinuses

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

Oblique pericardial sinus

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6
Q

Which pericardial sinus lies posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

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7
Q

Which pericardial sinus lies posterior to the heart and is surrounded by the left and right pulmonary veins

A

Oblique pericardial sinus

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8
Q

What gives blood supply to the heart and pericardium

A

Pericardiacophrenic artery
Bronchial artery
Esophageal artery
Coronary arteries

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9
Q

What artery is the main supplier of the pericardium

A

Pericardiacophrenic artery

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10
Q

What innervates the heart and pericardium

A 
Phrenic nerve (sensory)
Sympathetic trunk (vasomotor)
Vagus
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11
Q

Where would someone feel pericardial pain

A

Behind the sternum

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12
Q

What is inflammation of the pericardium called

A

Pericaditis

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13
Q

What causes a pulmonary embolism

A

Obstruction of the pulmonary arteries due to a blood clot

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14
Q

What happens to the chambers of the heart during a pulmonary embolism

A

The blood backs up and flows back into the right ventricle and atrium, causing it to dilate

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15
Q

What is a saddle embolus

A

Clot that block the entire pulmonary trunk

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16
Q

What are the parts of each heart valve

A

Valve Orifice
Fibrous ring (anulus)
Cusps

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17
Q

What are the 4 major valves of the heart

A

Pulmonary
Aortic
Mitral (bicuspid)
Tricuspid

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18
Q

What is another name for the mitral and tricuspid valve?

A

Left and Right atrioventricular valve

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19
Q

What makes the lub sound of the heart

A

Contraction of ventricles

Closure of tricuspid and mitral valve

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20
Q

What makes the Dub sound

A

Closure of Pulmonary and aortic valve

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21
Q

Where can you listen to the pulmonary valve

A

Over left intercostal space

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22
Q

Where can you listen to the aortic valve

A

Over right intercostal space

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23
Q

Where can you listen to the Mitral valve

A

Left fifth intercostal space at midclavicular line

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24
Q

Where can you listen to the tricuspid valve

A

left fifth intercostal space at its border with the sternum

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25
Q

What is the most diseased valve? Why?

A

Mitral valve

Due to explosive closing and opening causing microabrasions to vavle cusps

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26
Q

What is an ear like appendage on each of the atriums

A

Auricle

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27
Q

What separates the pectinate muscles in the right atrium from the sinus of the venae cavae

A

Crista terminalis

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28
Q

What structure of the heart represents the embryonic sinus venosus

A

Sinus of the venae cavae

29
Q

What structure of the heart is a remnant of the foramen ovale

A

Fossa Ovalis

30
Q

What is it called when a small foramen ovale exists in adults

A

Prode patent foramen

31
Q

What is it called when the foramen ovale is large in adults

A

Atrial septal defect

32
Q

What chambers + vessels dilate during atrial septal defect

A

Right atrium
Right Ventrical
Pulmonary trunk

33
Q

What are the papillary muscles in the right ventricle

A

Anterior
Posterior
Septal

34
Q

What is the purpose of the choradae tendineae

A

Prevents eversion of the valve during ventricular contraction

35
Q

What transmits the right bundle branch of the conduction system to the papillary muscles

A

Moderator band (Septomarginal Trabecula

36
Q

How many pulmonary veins drain into the left artium

A

4

37
Q

Where is the aortic vestibule located

A

Smooth-walled portion of left ventricle below cusps of aortic valve

38
Q

What are the 4 parts of the septal wall

A

Interatrial septum
Atrioventricular septum
Membranous interventricular septum
muscular septum

39
Q

What parts of the septum form the membranous part of the septal wall

A

Interatrial septum
Atrioventricular septum
membranous interventricular septum

40
Q

What causes hypertrophy of the heart

A

Hypertension

Atherosclerosis

41
Q

What causes the heart chambers to enlarge

A 
Septal defects
Valve incompetency (leaky valves)
42
Q

What do the aortic and pulmonary valves consist of?

A

Nodules
Lunules
Sinuses

43
Q

Since the aortic and pulmonary valves do not have chordae tendonae how to they close

A

The sinuses fill with blood and close the valves

44
Q

Are the coronary arteries high or low pressure?

A

Low pressure

45
Q

What are the branches of the Right coronary artery

A

Sinuatrial nodal artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior interventricular artery

46
Q

What branch of the right coronary artery, if damaged/blocked will require a person to have a pace maker?

A

Sinuatrial Nodal Artery

47
Q

What are the branches of the left coronary artery

A

Anterior interventricular artery

Circumflex artery

48
Q

What is Coronary artery cominance

A

Which coronary artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery
70% Right; 30% left

49
Q

What coronary artery supplies the conduction system?

A

Right coronary artery

50
Q

What coronary artery supplies the majority of the heart

A

Left coronary artery

51
Q

What coronary arteries can anastomose together

A

Right Coronary + circumflex

Anterior and posterior interventricular arteries

52
Q

What veins drain into the Coronary sinus

A 
Great Cardiac vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Small Cardiac vein
Posterior vein of L.Ventricle
Oblique vein of L, Ventricle
53
Q

What is the smallest vein of the heart

A

Venae Cordis minimae

54
Q

Where do the veins of the left and right ventricle drain into

A

Right atrium

55
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Deposition of lipid plaques on the inner walls of arteries

56
Q

What is angina pectris

A

Substernal chest pain

Symptom of partial occlusion of coronary artery (ischemia of heart)

57
Q

What causes myocardial infarction

A

coronary branch of heart becomes completely occluded

58
Q

What are the common sites of myocardial infarction

A

40-50% = Anterior interventricular artery
30-40% right coronary artery
15-20% circumflex artery

59
Q

Does the heart require nerve supply?

A

No

60
Q

Why does the heart need nerves

A

To increase and decrease HR

61
Q

What does sympathetic activation of the heart cause

A

Increase HR and STR or contraction

Dilates coronary arteries

62
Q

What does Parasympathetic activation of the Heart Cause

A

Decrease HR and Str of contraction

constricts coronary arteries

63
Q

What innervates that heart via cardiac plexus

A

Superficial Cardiac Plexus

Deep Cardiac plexus

64
Q

What gives sympathetic innervation of the heart

A

sympathetic trunk (T1-T4)

65
Q

What gives parasympathetic innervation to the heart

A

Vagus

66
Q

What gives sensory innervation to the heart

A

Sympathetic branch of Vagus

67
Q

What are the parts of the conduction system of the heart

A

Sinuatrial Node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
subendocardial plexus

68
Q

Where do conduction impulses start at

A

Sinuatrial node

69
Q

What is the remnant of the embryonic ductus arteriosus

A

Ligamentum Arteriosum

Gorss Anatomy 2 Exam 2 (12 decks)

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