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Anatomy Final > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Who in tha mediastinum

A

HEART (not the lungs)

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2
Q

What landmark/ thoracic vertebrae represents the superior and inferior mediastinum

A

Sternal angle T4/T5 thoracic vertebrae

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3
Q

What is in the superior mediastinum

A

The great vessels

Trachea

Thymus

Esophagus

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4
Q

The brachiocephalic trunk is on what side?

A

Right

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5
Q

At what level does the common carotid artery split into internal and external carotid?

A

C3/C4

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6
Q

What structures are in both the superior and inferior mediastinum

A

Trachea and esophagus

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7
Q

What is in the inferior mediastinum

A

Heart

Esophagus

Trachea

Thoracic aorta

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8
Q

What is the most anterior structure of the superior mediastinum

A

Thymus

Directly behind breastbone

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9
Q

What structures are in the middle mediastinum

A

Heart

Aortic Arch

Root of lungs

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10
Q

What structures are in the posterior mediastinum

A

Aorta

Venacava + azygos veins

thoracic duct

esophagus

sympathetic chain ganglia and splanchnic nerves

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11
Q

Where are the sternopericardial ligaments located

A

anterior mediastinum

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium

A

Fiberous outer layer + a Serous inner layer with 2 of it’s own layers:

Parietal layer (outer)

Visceral layer (inner) AKA epicardium

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13
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity and whats in it

A

Between parietal layer and visceral layer of pericardium

serous fluid is in it

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14
Q

What part of the heart does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

the pericardium (and the diaphram)

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15
Q

What arteries/veins run next to the phrenic nerve and supply the pericardium

A

Pericardiacophrenic artery/vein

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16
Q

How do you tell pericarditis apart from an MI

A

Chest pain with UE referral, but is relieved when sitting foward

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17
Q

What are common causes of pericarditis

A

Viral/Bacterial infection

Chronic renal failure

After MI(heart attack)

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18
Q

What is constrictive pericarditis

A

excessive thickening of pericardial sack USUALLY just the parietal layer

can lead to heart failure

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19
Q

How do you describe the hearts orientation

A

Fallen down pyramid

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20
Q

What is the most anterior and inferior part of the heart

A

Apex

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21
Q

What is the most posterior and superior part of the heart

A

Base

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22
Q

True or false: There is a LEFT brachiocephalic artery

A

False

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23
Q

True or false: There is a left brachiocephalic vein

A

true

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24
Q

What intercostal space does the apex of the heart lie deep to?

A

5th intercostal space

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25
Q

The LUB sound represents what

A

Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves

AKA Systole

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26
Q

The DUB sound represents what

A

Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

AKA diastole
Also T wave

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27
Q

The right and left coronary arteries come from where?

A

Root of the aorta

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28
Q

The anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery is also called

A

LAD

Left anterior Descending

AKA window maker

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29
Q

What % of myocardial infarctions involve the LAD

A

40-50%

RCA- 30-40%

Circumflex of LCA- 15-20%

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30
Q

What is the coronary sinus and where does it go?

A

It is a vein and it goes into the right atrium

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31
Q

The mitral valve is on what side?

A

Left

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32
Q

The tricuspid valve is on what side?

A

RIght

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33
Q

Identify the valves

A

1: Mitral valve
2: tricuspid valve
3: Aortic Valve
4: Pulmonary Valve

34
Q

Identify this structure

A

Tendinous cord and Papillary muscle

35
Q

When does diastole begin?

A

When aortic and pulmonary valves close

36
Q

In diastole, what happens after the pulmonary and aortic valves close

A

The mitral and tricuspid valves open

37
Q

The pulmonary veins carry what kind of blood and go where?

A

pulmonary veins- to heart from lungs with oxygenated blood

38
Q

The pulmonary arteries carry what kind of blood and go where?

A

From heart to lungs with deoxygenated blood

39
Q

What contracts during the final moments of diastole?

A

Atria

40
Q

What is structure 1?

A

Interarterial septum

41
Q

What is structure 2?

A

Oval Fossa

42
Q

What is structure 3?

A

Sinus Venarum

43
Q

What is structure 4?

A

Coronary Sinus

44
Q

The Oval Fossa is a remnant of what?

A

Foramen Ovalis

Used to allow blood to go from R to L atrium

45
Q

The atrioventricular septum contains what valves?

A

Tricuspid and Mitral

46
Q

The sinus Venarum does what?

A

Receives blood from vena cava and coronary sinus

47
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

It’s located between the atrioventricular orifice and the IVC

It receives venous return from the heart

48
Q

What is considered the pace maker of the heart, and where is it located?

A

Sinu-Atrial Node

in the Right Atrium (Junction of right Auricle and aspect of SVC)

49
Q

Where is the Atrioventricular node located

A

On atrial septum on the ventricular side of the coronary sinus

50
Q

What forms the largest part of the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Right ventrical

51
Q

What is trabeculae carnae

A

Irregular muscular ridges in the ventricals

gives ventricals a less smooth look compared to atrium
The trabeculae carneae prevent the inversion of the mitral and tricuspid valves in the atrial chambers.

52
Q

The left auricle receives blood from ______

A

4 Pulmonary veins (2 superior and 2 inferior)

53
Q

The left atrium lies more ______

A

Posteriorly

54
Q

The pulmonary veins have valves, true or false

A

False

55
Q

The walls of the left ventrical are ______ compared to the right ventrical

A

Twice as thick

56
Q

The superior border of the heart of formed by what?

Where is it located?

A

Both Atria

Goes from the Inferior border of L costal cartilage of rib 2

To the Superior border of the R costal cartilage of rib 3

57
Q

What structures emerge from the superior border of the heart

A

Ascending Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk

SVC enters here

58
Q

The right border of the heart is formed by what

Where is it located

A

Right atrium

Extends from costal cartilage of rib 3 to rib 6

59
Q

The inferior border of the heart is formed by what?

Where is it located?

A

Formed by the right ventrical

Extends from R costal cartilage of rib 6 to A POINT at the L 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

60
Q

The left border of the heart is formed by what?

Where is it located?

A

Left ventrical

Between 5th intercostal space and Inferior border of costal cartilage of Rib 2

61
Q

What is the pathway of action potential in the heart?

A

SA Node
Atrial myocytes
AV Node
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
R and L bundle Branches (Stimulate ventricals)
Purkinje Fibers

62
Q

What is cardiac auscultation

A

Listening to the heart to hear the normal cardiac cycle

63
Q

What is occuring here on the graph?

A

Atrial Contraction

64
Q

Note that where you put a stethiscope to hear the function of a heart valve is not directly over the valve

A
65
Q

What spinal levels can the heart refer pain?

A

T1 to T4

66
Q

This cardiac referred pain is seen more in…

A

Men

67
Q

This cardiac referred pain is seen more in…

A

Women

68
Q

The vagus nerve is what # cranial nerve?

A

10

69
Q

What nerve has the longest course and largest contribution out of all spinal nerves?

A

Vagus nerve

70
Q

What does the vagus nerve do?

A

The vagus nerve controls the heart via sympathetic and parasympathetic, the pharynx, and larynx

71
Q

What nerve travels along the right side of the trachea and then the esophagus

A

RIGHT VAGUS

72
Q

What is the path of the left vagus nerve

A

Travels on aortic arch then behind pulmonary vessels

73
Q

What is the parent structure of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

74
Q

What can damage the Left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Cancer in lung can compress him

Causes hoarsenes in voice

75
Q

What are the spinal levels of the phrenic nerve?

A

C3 C4 C5

Note: The diaphram also can refer pain to these levels

76
Q

The phrenic nerve is ______ to the greater vessels, whereas the vagus nerve is _____

A

Phrenic nerve: Anterior

Vagus Nerve: Posterior

77
Q

What does the visceral innervations of the heart do

A

Use sympathetic and vagus nerve to send cardiac pain

78
Q

What does the sympathetic NS do to the heart

A

Increase HR and CO and dialate coronary arteries

79
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to the heart?

A

Decrease HR and Cardiac Output

Constrict coronary arteries

80
Q

Identify this structure

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

Used to be ductus arteriosus, a temporary fetal structure that shunts blood from the pulmonary arteries to the aorta

81
Q
A

Anatomy Final (9 decks)

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