Hearing, Taste, Movement Flashcards
Frequency
Number of compressions per time, relates to perceived pitch
Amplitude
Intensity of sound wave, relates to loudness
Pinna
Outer ear
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum
Cochlea
3 fluid filled tunnels
Auditory nerve
Nerve bundle
Primary auditory cortex
Allows us to distinguish between frequencies
Place theory
Each area of the basilar membrane refers to specific pitch
Frequency theory
Vibrations of basilar membrane in sync with sound waves
Conductive deafness
Damage of bones of middle ear
Any age, temporary if treated, by disease, tumours, infections
Nerve deafness
Damage of cochlea, hair cells, auditory nerve
Often early, inherited, prenatal problems
Humans can hear sounds at what frequency
20hz to 20khz
Vestibular organ
Detects position and movement of head
Critical for balance
Papillae
Taste buds
Taste buds…
Behave like neurons, release neurotransmitters to excite electrons, but just modified skin cells which can be replaced
Olfactory receptor cells
Nasal cavity
Hundreds of types
For many different chemicals
Olfactory bulb
Processes the info
Of the limbic system
Vomeronasal sensation
More important in non human animals, detects odourless chemicals (sexual)
Receptors at olfactory bulb
Women’s menstrual cycle?
Damage to primary auditory cortex
Difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds
Huntington’s disease
1 in 10,000
30-50 years of age
Motor disorders - arm jerks, facial movements
Psychological disorders - depression anxiety, hallucinations
Gradual brain damage to basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebral cortex
Strong genetic influence
Sound waves
Periodic compressions (of air) causing vibrations
Parkinson’s disease
1-2% people over 65
Motor disorders - spontaneous, rigidity, slowness
Cognitive disorders- imagining movements and events
Gradual death of neurons in substantia nigra (midbrain) decreased dopamine activity
Genetic. Some exposure to toxins
Skeletal muscles (striated)
Control movement of body in relation to enviro
Long cylicindrical with stripes
Smooth muscles
Control internal organs
Long thin cells
Cardiac muscles
Heart muscles
Fuse together at points, contract together (pump)
Neuromuscular junction
Synapse of muscle fibre, and motor neuron axon
Each muscle fibre, innervated by 1 motor neuron axon
Skeletal muscle movements
Acetylcholine released by axons… Muscle contracted
Primary motor cortex
Map of areas of body movements
Stimulation to each spot causes specific movement
Active even when we think about movement
Prefrontal cortex (movement)
Plans movement for probable outcome, responds to light, noises
Supplementary motor cortex
Plans sequence of movement
Posterior parietal cortex (movement)
Responds to visual and tactile stimuli
Basal ganglia (movement)
Initiates actions
Cerebellum (movement)
Precise timing, attention, balance