Culture

Question 1

Collectivist vs individualistic (triandis 1995)

Answer 1

Collectivist 
- Eastern European (Japan, China)
- group goals 
- norms 
- intrapersonal rels
Individualistic 
- western (U.S., Australia, Europe)
- individual goals 
- personal needs 
- interpersonal rel

Question 2

Problems with vs

Answer 2

Too simplistic
Stereotyping
Disregard for subcultures

Question 3

Mothering in eastern cultures study

Answer 3

Alpuna 1997
Hindu Indians practice different mothering - encourage a closer bond to other members of the family than the mother
Japanese - close mother-infant bond

Question 4

Western cultures - cultural practices study

Answer 4

Takahashi 1999
Focus on how specific cultural practices and beliefs influence cognition, social and emotional Dev
Biology and culture have evolved together

Question 5

Enculturation study

Answer 5

Cole and cagigas 2010
The role of culture, the world that the child encounters is social (cultural) the child needs to actively acquire cultural resources

Question 6

Cultural artefacts - study

Answer 6

Hanato 1997
The abacus is encouraged in Japan
Leads to amazing speed and mental calculation

Question 7

Crawling study

Answer 7

Hopkins and westra 1989, 1990
In Jamaica 29% of infants skip crawling, only 17% British
Another study found 40% of US skipped it

Question 8

Bathing study

Answer 8

Bril 1988
U.S. And Europe babies bathed laying down and soft dabbing
Mali - hold baby by armpit, scrub and shake til dry

Question 9

Sitting and standing study

Answer 9

Bril 1997
French infants spend 50/69% of time laying down
Uganda, Botswana and Mali 40-90% sitting/standing

Question 10

3 motor Dev studies

Answer 10

Brobstein 1996
Verbal posture linked strengthening of muscles, increased adrenal hormones, blood pressure - increased attention 
Iverson 2010
Motor Dev predicts Lang Dev 
Piek et Al 
Longitudinal study 
4 years - school age 
Motor Dev predicts later cog Dev eg working memory

Question 11

Change blindness study

Answer 11

Simons and levin 1997
Asians more accurately detect changes in background and find it more difficult to detect changes in focal object in for ground
Nisbett et al 2001
Europeans other way round

Question 12

Eye tracking study

Answer 12

Chua et al 2005
Eye tracking on Americans found they fixate on focal
Chinese on background

Question 13

Conversation study

Answer 13

Martini 1996
Conversations at dinner
Japanese - group/shared
U.S. - individual

Question 14

Socialisation and EF effected by parenting study

Answer 14

Ensor and Hughes
Importance of scaffolding
Adverse effects of disorganised and unpredictable family life

Question 15

Educational practices

Answer 15

In Korea, self control (inhibition) is encouraged in classroom and home settings
Chao and tseng 2005
Parents encourage it in everyday life

Question 16

Vygotsky

Answer 16

Social constructivist
Socio cultural context (not just child) moulds Dev
Language as psychological tool

Question 17

WEIRD

Answer 17

Henrich et al 2010

95% of studies carried out on western, educated, industrialised, rich, democratic

Question 18

Point of it

Answer 18

To examine what is universal and what is open to enviro influence
Differences in emotions, development, well being, gender stereotypes

Question 19

India-Hinduism views

Answer 19

1. Marriage is viewed as a sacrament, that sows the seeds for thousands of years as it determines genetic inheritance, therefore should be arranged by families not individuals
2. Karma and endless belief of life and death

Question 20

Study on Indian parenting

Answer 20

Saraswathi et al 1998

1. Children are for strengthening marital bond and procreation
2. Good child has good values, is respectful and obedient
3. Good parents enforces rules to make a good child
4. Older members of the family are main sources or rearing beliefs

Question 21

Chinese and English child rearing practices studies

Answer 21

Pearson and rao 2003
Chinese mothers report stronger emphasis on academic achievement and greater Use of authoritarian practices
Hardwood et al 1995
American parents put emphasis on self maximisation - being smart doing well in life, careers, self reliance and competence

Question 22

Eastern cultures have become increasingly westernised

Answer 22

Tobin et al 2004

Question 23

TOM AND EF STUDY

Answer 23

Sabbagh et al 2006
Compared Chinese preschoolers to previously studied U.S. Sample
Chinese outperformed on EF but no TOM