hearing and balance

Question 1

in outer ear sound directed toward ___ by auricle

Answer 1

tympanum

Question 2

2 ossicles in middle ear direct sound waves onto what of inner ear

Answer 2

oval window

Question 3

tympanum vibrations first set___ into motion

then __ moved and vibrates the __ which impinges onto oval window

Answer 3

malleus
incus
stapes

Question 4

ossicles amplify power of vibrations by ___

Answer 4

22x

Question 5

what connects middle ear with pharynx

Answer 5

eustachian tube

Question 6

what is organ of hearing

Answer 6

inner ear

cochlea or organ or corti

Question 7

what forms U tube and what is it filled with

Answer 7

scala vestibuli and tympani

perilymph

Question 8

what are at ends of U tube

Answer 8

oval window and round window

Question 9

where are hair cells attached

Answer 9

basilar membrane

Question 10

what part of ear is basilar membrane on

Answer 10

inner ear

Question 11

where is longest cilium of hair cell embedded

Answer 11

tectorial membrane

Question 12

which hair cells receive majority of innervation

Answer 12

inner

Question 13

are hair cells epithelial derivatives or nerves

Answer 13

epithelial derivatives

Question 14

electrical potential in cochlea

Answer 14

150

Question 15

perilymph potential

Answer 15

0

Question 16

endolymph secreted by what

Answer 16

stria terminalis
abundance of K
90mV

Question 17

hair cell potential

Answer 17

-70

Question 18

longest cilium of hair cells is attached to ___ by ___

Answer 18

stereocilia

tip links

Question 19

____ tip link tension depolarizes hair cells

Answer 19

increased

Question 20

hair cells are ____ if tallest cilium displaced toward stereocilia

Answer 20

hyperpolarized

Question 21

when hair cells hyperpolzied what happens to sound reception

Answer 21

reduced

outer hair cells lengthen

Question 22

function of inner hair cell

Answer 22

detect sound and sound discrimination

Question 23

__ membrane pore in outer hair cell membranes

Answer 23

prestin

Question 24

what happens to prestin when cell depolarized

Answer 24

changes its volume to smaller

shortens cell and attached cilia

Question 25

what happens when outer hair cells shorten

Answer 25

tenses tectorial membrane
increases inner hair cell sensitivity
provides E for release of more glutamate

Question 26

absence of outer hair cells

Answer 26

decreases frequency of inner response

decreases sensitivity of hearing by 40-50 dB

Question 27

prolonged intensity of __ dB can damage hair cells

Answer 27

80

Question 28

threshold of human hearing sensitive at ___

Answer 28

100Hz - 2.5 KHz

Question 29

normal male and female voice

Answer 29

120 and 250 Hz

Question 30

presbycusis

Answer 30

old age hearing loss

stiffness of basilar and/or tectorial membrane

Question 31

conduction deafness

Answer 31

auditory canal, tympanum, ossicle damage

air conduction below normal bone conduction normal

Question 32

sensorineural pathologies

Answer 32

most common
hair cell death
both air and bone conduction below normal

Question 33

linear acceleration detected by

Answer 33

utricle and saccule

Question 34

rotational angular acceleration detected by

Answer 34

semicircular canals

Question 35

cristae ampularis found in

Answer 35

semicircular canals

Question 36

what is embedded in cristae ampularis

Answer 36

kinocilia of hair cells

Question 37

where is maccula

Answer 37

utricle and saccule

Question 38

EMF potential of hair cells in vestibular apparatus

Answer 38

-40

Question 39

fluid within vestibular apparatus

Answer 39

endolymph

Question 40

nystagmus definition

Answer 40

eyes moving back and forth in acceleration

result of vestibular-ocular reflex

Question 41

vertigo is what

Answer 41

inappropriate sense of motion

Question 42

nitrous oxide can induce

Answer 42

vertigo