CNS higher functions

Question 1

RAS provides input to __ to maintain ___

Answer 1

reticular formation
alert state

maintains neural tone for cerebrum
mediates arousal rxn
depressed by bartbituates, ethanol,etc

Question 2

RAS have ___ inhibitory area

Answer 2

medullary reticular inhibitory area

Question 3

serotonin secreting nerves ___ RAS

Answer 3

inhibit

Question 4

EEGs are

Answer 4

summative voltages of CNS activity

Question 5

beta waves

Answer 5

awake and mentating or during dreaming(REM)

Question 6

origin of beta waves

Answer 6

frontal cortex

Question 7

alpha waves

Answer 7

awake and alert. eyes closed but not thinking

relaxed/meditation

Question 8

origin of alpha waves

Answer 8

occipital area

Question 9

theta waves

Answer 9

drowsiness to light sleep or deep meditation

Question 10

origin of theta waves

Answer 10

parietal and temporal lobes

Question 11

delta waves

Answer 11

deep sleep

Question 12

origin of delta waves

Answer 12

medullary

Question 13

gamma rhythm

Answer 13

represents activity of populations of cortical neurons banding together to perform cognitive or motor functions
waves are indication of person focusing on task

Question 14

mu rhythm

Answer 14

alpha range activity seen over sensorimotor cortex
represents motor cortex at rest
increases chance of errors

Question 15

epilepsy in EEG

Answer 15

increased frequency and increased wave height

Question 16

as waking time approaches what happens to periods of REM sleep

Answer 16

increase in frequency

Question 17

what happens to muscle tone in REM sleep

Answer 17

initially increases then decreases

Question 18

raphe nuclei and medulla mediate ___ sleep

Answer 18

deep

Question 19

lesions ot raphe nuclei and medulla cause

Answer 19

insomnia

Question 20

locus ceruleus of pons mediates ___

Answer 20

REM sleep

Question 21

transmitter of locus ceruleus of pons

Answer 21

Ach

Question 22

lesions of locus ceruleus of pons

Answer 22

narcolepsy

cataplexy

Question 23

REM sleep inhibited by

Answer 23

barbiturates and ethanol

Question 24

lack of sleep and insomnia enhances

Answer 24

inflammation

increases levels of nuclear factor (NK)-kB

Question 25

during sleep CNS rids itself of excess

Answer 25

neurotransmitters

Question 26

primary motor cortex is origin of what tracts

Answer 26

lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts

Question 27

what does primary motor cortex do

Answer 27

precise somatic organization

Question 28

what does premotor cortex coordinate

Answer 28

axial and proximal muscles

Question 29

supplementary motor cortex activated

Answer 29

before area IV sets up plan of muscle activity for execution of area IV

Question 30

what is engram

Answer 30

memory tract from an event

Question 31

engram is incorporated into short term memory by

Answer 31

reverberating circuits activation of NMDA receptors to initially stimulate synaptic plasticity synaptic potentiation

Question 32

principal neurotransmitter in short term memory

Answer 32

Ach

Question 33

____ is major center where consolidation processes initiated and finalized

Answer 33

hippocampus

Question 34

___ responsible for place learning

Answer 34

medial hippocampus

Question 35

LTP in hippocampus forms long term memory by

Answer 35

increasing axon dendrite snyapses

Question 36

___ receptor activation required for initial learning

Answer 36

NMDA

Question 37

then ___ comes into play for LTP

Answer 37

mHlu receptor

Question 38

continues NMDA receptor activation blocks

Answer 38

mGlu activity

Question 39

Arc important for

Answer 39

long term memory

Question 40

hippocampal malfunction or damage results in

Answer 40

anterograde amnesia

Question 41

thalamus is involved in recall of

Answer 41

memory engrams

Question 42

amygdala and hippocampus function in

Answer 42

recognition of objects

Question 43

striatum functions in

Answer 43

reward and reinforcement

Question 44

mamillary bodies function in

Answer 44

recollective memory

Question 45

memory facilitation involves stimulation of

Answer 45

facilitator nerve circuits during learning process

Question 46

what happens to hippocampus with ppl with PTSD

Answer 46

shrinks

Question 47

what triggers declarative memory

Answer 47

facts and events

Question 48

where does declarative memory occur

Answer 48

frontal cortex

Question 49

where does nondeclarative memory occur

Answer 49

processor levels

Question 50

what does nondeclarative memory trigger

Answer 50

priming, associative, learning triggers

Question 51

what is older part of cortex

Answer 51

limbic system

Question 52

what surrounds limbic system

Answer 52

neocortex

Question 53

amygdala can be stimulated bu release of

Answer 53

oxytocin

Question 54

stimulation of ceruleus nerves releases

Answer 54

norepinephrine--> VGA release dopamine

Question 55

dopamine stimulates D3 receptors in ___

Answer 55

nucleus accumbens | release ENK

Question 56

receptors in CNS mainly in

Answer 56

septal area/ N accumbens

Question 57

CNS stimulation of CB1 receptrs

Answer 57

euphoria, calmness, dreamlike state, munchies, loss of short term memory

Question 58

punishment center of limbic system located

Answer 58

in central gray area near aqueduct of slyvius & periventricular zones of hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 59

stress and depression cause loss of nuerons in

Answer 59

prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus

Question 60

sexulaity involves

Answer 60

neocortex, limbic system, hypothalamus

Question 61

lesion of piriform cortex overlaying amygdala

Answer 61

hypersexuality

Question 62

increased sexuality in males is stimulation of

Answer 62

median forebrain bundle &nearby hypothalamic nuclei

Question 63

increased sexuality in females ifs stimulation of

Answer 63

anterior hypothalamus

Question 64

emotion of disgust mediated by

Answer 64

putamen of BG

Question 65

serotonin mediates

Answer 65

placidity, apetite, reduces anxiety, aggressive behavior, antidepressant

Question 66

5HT2 receptor stimulation results in

Answer 66

intense euphoria

Question 67

low serotonin may trigger

Answer 67

migraine | vasoconstriction dilation

Question 68

norepi found in nerves of

Answer 68

locus ceruleus system

Question 69

basic mechanism of bipolar disorder involves

Answer 69

disordered Na Ca channel dynamics

Question 70

depression linked to low

Answer 70

low norepi at beta receptors and low serotonin

Question 71

lithium block

Answer 71

beta receptors | reduces maniac behavior

Question 72

schuzophrenia relieved by

Answer 72

dopamine blockers

Question 73

anterior and medial hypothalamus stimulated by | mediate

Answer 73

septal nuclei satiety

Question 74

posterior hypothalamus stimulated by | mediates

Answer 74

amygdala sham rage

Question 75

lateral posterior hypothalamus mediates

Answer 75

hunger center

Question 76

CNS receives ___ body blood flow

Answer 76

14-20

Question 77

what is principal stimulus for vasodilaiton

Answer 77

PaCO2 arterial | CO2 also relaxes vascular smooth muscle

Question 78

what also causes cerebral vasodilation

Answer 78

adenosine, glycolytic intermediates K+ hypoxia