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Specialty Medicine > Hearing > Flashcards

Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two aspects of the ossicles that amplify sound?

A
  • Ratio of the SA of the TM to the footplate of the stapes

- Lever action of the ossicular chain

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2
Q

What are the two aspects of the outer ear that amplify sound?

A
  • Shape of the auricle

- Resonance of the ear canal

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3
Q

Where is high frequency sound heard in the basilar membrane? Low?

A 
High = beginning
Low = end
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4
Q

What are the three vestibuli of the cochlea?

A

Scala tympani
Scala media
Scala vestibuli

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5
Q

What comprises the “cochlear microphone”?

A

Efferent nerve signals from the organ of corti

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6
Q

Is measuring the cochlear effects on EEG via the auditory brainstem response a measure of hearing?

A

No–hearing is a subjective perception

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7
Q

What is the gold standard for measuring hearing?

A

Behavioral testing

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8
Q

What is measured with behavioral hearing testing? (3)

A
  • Hearing level
  • Speech reception threshold
  • Speech discrimination / word recognition
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9
Q

What is the age at which you can begin auditory testing on a kid? How?

A
  • 6 months

- play therapy and visual reinforcement

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10
Q

What, generally, is an audiogram?

A

Nomogram of hearing for select frequencies designed to best reflect hearing necessary for language

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11
Q

True or false: a 0 decibel hearing level equates to the lack of acoustic energy

A

False–0 is the log of 1

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12
Q

What is the scale that is used to measure normative frequencies?

A

Logarithmic

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13
Q

Any hearing below what log value is normal?

A

20

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14
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

Conductive hearing loss occurs when there is a problem conducting sound waves anywhere along the route through the outer ear, tympanic membrane (eardrum), or middle ear (ossicles).

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15
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

a type of hearing loss, or deafness, in which the root cause lies in the inner ear or sensory organ (cochlea and associated structures)or the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)or neural part

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16
Q

What is the federal mandate in terms of treating kids with hearing loss?

A

Must identify and treat by 6 months of age

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17
Q

What is an otoacoustic emission test, in terms of what is being tested?

A

A test to indicate that cochlear function is intact, but not a hearing test

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18
Q

Is the brain maximally stimulated: noise or quiet?

A

quiet

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19
Q

What are the limitations of an OAE?

A
  • Very high false positive rate

- Emissions can be absorbed with canal debris (meconium)

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20
Q

How are the limitations of the OAE overcome?

A

Repeated until positive

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21
Q

What is measured with an auditory brainstem response?

A

EEG at different sites in the brainstem, with different frequencies

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22
Q

What are the limitations of ABR?

A
  • Requires sedation in children soon after infancy
  • Not a measure of hearing
  • Only an audiogram can assess the sensory experience of hearing
23
Q

Is the ABR a measuring of hearing?

A

No

24
Q

What is the only test that can be used to measure hearing?

A

Audiogram

25
Q

What is tympanometry? What is it used for?

A

Measure of the compliance of the TM at varying pressure below, at, and above 1 ATM

Determining the status of the middle ear

26
Q

What is the Type A tympanogram?

A

Normal–tent graph

27
Q

What is the Type C tympanogram?

A

Abnormal with negative air pressure spike on graph

28
Q

What is the Type B tympanogram?

A

Abnormal, with no to very little compliance of the TM

29
Q

What are the two causes of a type B tympanogram?

A

Perforated large canal volume) or ear drum filled with fluid (small canal volume)

30
Q

Abnormal amplification of signal = what type of hearing loss?

A

Conductive

31
Q

Abnormality of cochlear function of conductive pathways through brainstem = what type of hearing loss

A

Sensorineural

32
Q

What is the most common cause of conductive hearing loss in children? Less common?

A

Middle ear effusion

Less common = auricular atresia

33
Q

What is the most common etiology of conductive hearing loss in adults? Less common?

A

-Consequence of long standing chronic ear disease

Less common = otosclerosis

34
Q

What is the most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss in children? Less common?

A

Congenital is most common

hereditary is less common, but late onset

35
Q

What is the most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss in adult? Less common?

A

Presbycusis

Less common = acoustic neuroma

36
Q

How can you use percentage points to describe hearing loss?

A

You don’t

37
Q

How do you restore mild hearing loss? (3)

A
  • Observation with repeated testing
  • Preferential seating
  • Hearing amplification
38
Q

How do you restore moderate hearing loss? (2)

A
  • Surgical

- Hearing amplification

39
Q

How do you restore severe hearing loss? (3)

A
  • Surgical
  • hearing amplification
  • Cochlear implant
40
Q

How do you profound severe hearing loss? (2)

A
  • Cochlear implant

- Alternate means of communication

41
Q

What is the purpose of the BAHA (using the skull as a tuning fork for the bad ear, to transmit sound to the good ear)?

A

Allows for 3D representation of sound

42
Q

What is the major limitation to hearing amplification?

A

Pain threshold and other auditory phenomena that can decrease speech discrimination with increased amplification

43
Q

What is stimulated with the BAHA with bilateral conductive hearing loss?

A

Ipsilateral cochlea

44
Q

What is stimulated with the BAHA in a unilateral SNHL?

A

Contralateral cochlea

45
Q

What is the importance of the ear canal in amplifying hearing

A

Augments the frequencies that are heard

46
Q

True or false: the organ of corti is solely an afferent organ

A

False–there is efferent input as well

47
Q

What is the idea behind the cochlear microphonic? What is used to measure this?

A

Mirror image of sounds in the brain

-Auditory brainstem response (ABR)

48
Q

What does 0 decibels mean in terms of an audiogram?

A

ratio of sound energy presented to the patient, is the same as the reference sound level for the frequency tested

49
Q

What is the decibel range that is considered normal hearing?

A

-10 to 20

50
Q

What is the decibel range that is considered mild hearing loss?

A

21-40

51
Q

What is the decibel range that is considered moderate hearing loss?

A

41-60

52
Q

What is the decibel range that is considered moderately severe hearing loss?

A

61-70

53
Q

What is the decibel range that is considered severe hearing loss?

A

70-90

54
Q

What is the decibel range that is considered profound hearing loss?

A

90+

Specialty Medicine (36 decks)

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