Head and Neck Cancers Flashcards
What are the four major divisions of cancer of the head and neck?
- Oral
- Pharyngeal
- Laryngeal
- Nasopharyngeal
True or false: black and white women have similar rates of oral cavity / pharyngeal cancers
True
Black men have (__)% highers rates of oral/pharyngeal cancers than white males
30%
Which ethnicity has the lowest rates of oral cavity/pharyngeal cancers?
Hispanics
Which ethnicity has the lowest rates of laryngeal cancers?
Asians
Both black men and women have 2x the risk of which cancer relative to white men and women?
Laryngeal
What is the most common type of head/neck cancer?
SCC
What are the chemicals that predispose patients to head and neck cancerS?
- Asbestos
- Ni
- Cr
- Ar
- Formaldehyde
What is the classic triad of plummer vinson syndrome?
- Anemia
- Esophageal webs
- Glossitis
What is the viral family of EBV? Genetic material? Enveloped?
- HSV (HHV-4)
- dsDNA
- Enveloped
What is the viral family of HPV? Genetic material? Enveloped?
- Papillomavirus
- dsDNA
- Naked
What are the two proteins that are utilized by HPV?
E6–inhibits p53
E7–inhibits Rb
Most people who have head or neck cancers have what environmental exposures?
EtOH and smoking
What are the major occupations that predispose patients to head and neck cancers? (5)
- Woodworking
- Leather manufacturing
- Ni refining
- Textile industry
- Ra dial painting
What are the strains of HPV that cause cancer?
16, 18, 31, 33
What are the HPV strains that cause genital warts?
6 and 11
What ear findings may be suggestive of head/neck cancer?
- Referred otalgia
- Serous OM
What are the throat findings suggestive of head/neck cancer? (3)
- Hoarseness
- Persistent odynophagia
- Dysphagia
What are the hematological findings suggestive of head/neck cancers? (2)
- Erythroplasia
- Non-healing ulcers
What are the nasal findings suggestive of head/neck cancer? (3)
- Recurrent epistaxis
- Nasal obstruction
- Submucosal mass
What is the process of progression with head/neck cancers?
Dysplasia
CIS
Carcinoma
White patches that do not rub off = ?
Leukoplakia
White patches on the tongue that rub off = ?
Candidiasis
What is the genetic mutation in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?
STK11
What is the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of the GI tract?
APC
- Kras
- p53
What is the role of ASA in the prevention of GI carcinoma?
p53 mutations and increased expression of COX allow for progression to CA
What is the prognosis for red patches in the mouth that do not go away in 2 weeks?
20-30% will develop into cancer
How do you diagnose laryngeal cancer?
Endoscopy
What is the gross appearance of tumors in the mouth?
Nodular appearance
What type of voice will a patient with a unilateral vocal cord mass present with?
Breathy sounding
What type of voice will a patient with hypopharynx mass present with?
Garbled voice
The lymphatic in the true vocal cords are minimal. What is the significance of this, relative to hypopharyngeal cancers?
higher incidence of mets in hypopharyngeal than in true glottic cancers
What is the general treatment technique for head and neck cancers?
-Surgery with radiation and chemo
