Healthy balanced diet

Question 1

What are macronutrients of the diet

Answer 1

Fat
Protein
CHO
Alcohol

Question 2

What are micronutrients

Answer 2

Vitamins
Minerals
Fibre
Water

Question 3

What is an oligosaccharide

Answer 3

Sugar with 3-10 units

Question 4

What are non-starch polysaccharides digested

Answer 4

colon

Question 5

What are the functions of carbs

Answer 5

Energy source via glycolysis and TCA cycle

-Fuel for CNS

Question 6

What are other physiological effects of carbs

Answer 6

• Control of blood glucose and insulin metabolism

- Fermentation (production of short chain fatty acids) and control of colonic epithelial cell function

Question 7

What is glycemic Index

Answer 7

allows quantitative comparison (ranking) of blood glucose responses to ingestion of equivalent amounts of CHOs from different foods relative to pure glucose

Question 8

Do all foods containing free sugars have a high GI

Answer 8

NO

Question 9

What are the current recommendations for CHOs

Answer 9

No more than 5% of the calorie intake should come from ‘free sugars’

total CHO intake should be maintained at 50% of total dietary energy

Question 10

What are non digestible polysaccharides

Answer 10

Nonstarch polysaccharides- plant cell walls

Question 11

What are soluble NSP’s

Answer 11

Pectin

B-glucan

Question 12

What are insoluble NSPs

Answer 12

Cellulose

Question 13

What is the role of NSPs

Answer 13

Bulking effect
Speeds up colonic transit
Lowers cholesterol

Question 14

What is the definition of vitamins

Answer 14

organic substances required in small amounts for normal metabolism but which cannot be synthesised by the body in sufficient quantities

Question 15

Which vitamins are fat soluble

Answer 15

A
D
E
K

Question 16

What vitamins are water soluble

Answer 16

B

C

Question 17

What are the 3 types of water soluble vitamins

Answer 17

• Intermediary metabolism
• Anemia preventing (B12 and folate)
• Antioxidants

Question 18

Mai sources of vitamin D

Answer 18

Cholecalciferol- fish oils, egg yolk, butter

7-Dehydrocholesterol (animal fats, plant sterols (skin-UV light)

Question 19

What does D3 undergo in the liver to form calcidiol

Answer 19

Hydroxylation

Question 20

What does D3 hydroxylate to in the kidney to form

Answer 20

Calcitriol (physiologically active form of vitamin D3)

Question 21

What is the main fcuntion of vitamin D

Answer 21

Uptake of calcium and phosphorus into tissues

Question 22

Vitamin D promotes the formation of Calbindin (calcium binding protein), so what does this mean

Answer 22

Means that there is an increased uptake of calcium phosphate in the intestine because Ca3(PO4)2 is found naturally in the body (allows normal bone formation)

Question 23

What happens when there are low levels of plasma Ca

Answer 23

• Stimulates PTH ad vitamin D synthesis

- Activated vitamin D increases intestinal Ca absorption and regulates Ca excretion from the kidney and bone

Question 24

What happens when plasma Ca is high

Answer 24

Calcitonin is secreted from the thyroid gland and promotes Ca excretion in kidney and prevents bone from releasing Ca

Question 25

What are VDRs

Answer 25

Vitamin D receptors for active vitamin D (calcitriol)

Question 26

What happens when active vitamin D binds with VDRs

Answer 26

VDRs enter the nucleus and forms dimers with RXR and they regulate gene expression of vitamin D3

Question 27

What does a deficiency win vitamin D result in in adults and children

Answer 27

Rickets -children | Osteomalacia- adults

Question 28

What are symptoms of vitamin D toxicity

Answer 28

mild- Weakness, nausea, loss of appetite, headache, abdominal pains, cramp, diarrhoea Severe- Hypercalcaemia, calcification of soft tissues

Question 29

What are minerals

Answer 29

Inorganic elements thay have a physiological function with the body

Question 30

What are macro minerals

Answer 30

if requirements are in g/day

Question 31

What are trace elements

Answer 31

If mg or micrograms/day

Question 32

What is iron needed for

Answer 32

Hb- Red cell Electron transport ferrous (Fe2+ and ferric Fe3+) Cytochrome P450

Question 33

Where are iron stores

Answer 33

Spleen and liver and bone marrow

Question 34

What is the major storage form of iron

Answer 34

Ferritin

Question 35

What transfers iron to bone marrow

Answer 35

Transferrin

Question 36

What are the two dietary sources of iron

Answer 36

Haem iron (from haemoglobin and myoglobin of animal meat products) (ABOUT 35%) Non haem iron (from vegetable sources) (ABOUT 90%)

Question 37

Where does absorption of iron occur

Answer 37

Small intestine

Question 38

Factors that enhance Fe absorption

Answer 38

``` Vitamin C Fructose Alcohol Meat Fe deficiency and anaemia Pregnancy ```