Healthy Aging Flashcards
Healthy aging
Process of developing, maintaining, and improving functional abilities, independence, QOL, and transitions
Productive Aging
An older adults ability to participate in social roles including employment, civic engagement, education, health management, and LTC services
Emphasis on inclusion in social/economic activities to enhance aging outcomes
Successful aging
Traditionally, low probability of disease or disease related disability, increased cognitive and physical functional capacity, and engagement in life
Older adults define it in areas of spirituality, financially, environmentally, socially, and psychologically
Biological theories of aging
Molecular, cellular, and organism level, genetics
Psychological theories of aging
Explains behavioral changes that occur focusing on client factors, performance patterns, performance skills
Sociological theories of aging
Social aspects of aging process, focusing on social structures, institutions, and interactions influencing people’s experiences, roles in society
Aging in the context it occurs in
Interventions for well being of older adults
Incorporating health behaviors into routines and teaching coping strategies and opportunities to practices skills over an extended period of time
Nutrition, medication management, regular exercise
Well being
Presence of positive emotions/moods, absence of negative emotions, satisfaction with life, fulfillment, and positive functioning
8 elements of wellbess
Emotional
Environmental
Financial
Intellectual
Occupational
Physical
Social
Spiritual
Health promotion
Process if enabling people to increase control over and improve their health
Disease prevention: Primary Prevention
Education or health promotion efforts to prevent onset and decrease incidences of unhealthy conditions
Beneficial to individuals with conditions and general population
Primary prevention interventions
1) ID, reduce, or eliminate risk factors
2) modify physical/social environment
3)increased nutrition education, meal planning/prep
4)increased physical activity via leisure education
5) smoking cessation
6) health screening
Workplace injury prevention
Self management, socioemotional skills
Conflict resolution
Parenting skills
Health literacy
Fall prevention
Secondary level prevention
Screening, early detection i.e. long handled mirror for skin check and intervention after onset
Limiting secondary conditions
Tertiary level prevention
Designed to prevent progression of disease
Advocacy, self sufficiency, full participation
Secondary prevention interventions
Education on eating habits and activity levels secondary to disability due to obesity/mobility limitations
Stress management and adaptive coping strategies
Osteoporosis mgmt and fall prevention
Tertiary prevention interventions
Transitional independent living skills
Leisure participation groups to improve socialization and QOL
Social participation in activities at a drop in center
Stroke support groups for survivors/caregivers focusing on occupational engagement to reduce caregiver burden
Lifestyle Redesign
Preventative OT promoting awareness of relationship between everyday occupations and gealth
5 characteristics of life style redesign
1) narrative reasoning
2) collaborative problem solving
3) occupational self analysis
4) autonomy
5) enhancing occupations, performance patterns
Capable program
Community aging in place: client-centered promoting aging in place and decreased disability among older adults
Home visits across 4 months with 4 nurse visits and 6 OT visits, $1300 for home repairs
65+ years old
$3000 pp saves $30000 in readmissions
Interventions promoting socialization
Group or individual format
Peer exchanges, personal exploration, addressing participation difficulties, adapting activities, exploring transportation options, occupation based goals setting
Community based OT
Interventions at community level to promote health and wellness, productive aging
Characteristics of community health paradigm
Client centered
Evidence based
Ecologically sound
Occupation based
Dynamic systems theories
Strength based
HOPE Questinnaire
Open ended questions to explore spirituality and other support systems
H = source of hope
O= organized religion
P= personal spirituality and practices
E= effects on end of life and medical care
Systems of belief inventory
Self-administered questionnaire to measure spiritual and religious practices, beliefs, and social supports sharing similar beliefs
Spiritual distress
The distress of self, nature, or power greater than one’s self
-onset of life threatening d/s can challenge person’s spirituality and cause a disturbance in one belief systems
-results in anger, hopelessness, lack of peace
Signs of spiritual distress
Asking questions about meaning of life
Questioning your own belief system
Questioning pain and sufferings
Bad thoughts or negative self talk
Feelings of anger, despair, sadness, depression, anxiety, feeling alone/abandoned by GOD
Feeling lost
Difficulty falling asleep
Seeking spiritual or religious guidance
Interventions for religious distress
Diary/keep journal
Connecting with spiritual/religious beliefs
Benefits of spiritual and religious beliefs
Decreased depression/anxiety
Decreased feelings of isolation/loneliness
Help cope with effects of illness and treatment
Increased ability to enjoy life
Find meaning
Improve health
Common difficulties of sleep in older adults
Trouble falling asleep
Waking up
Shorter sleep time
Not feeling rested
Needing to nap
Disrupted sleep
More shallow sleep stages
Sleep medications effects
Increase daytime fatigue, sleepiness, falls, and decreased cognitive function, decreased sleep duration, trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, increased ER visits
Non-pharmaceutical sleep interventions
Relaxation techniques
Stress management
Daily physical activity
Education on + sleep habits
Sleep diaries
Nutrition
Cognitive therapy
Cognitive behavioral interventions
Cognitive behavioral interventions for sleep
Progressive muscle relaxation
Meditation
Guided imagery
Health education
Sleep hygiene education
Sleep diaries
Group problem solving
Computerized training/didactic class
Cognitive restructuring
Mind body relationships
Across 7 weeks and 3 month consultation
Effects of poor sleep
Obesity, inactivity, cigarette smoking
Increased risk of chronic conditions: heart attack, stroke, asthma, COPD
Pittsburgh sleep quality index
Sleep routine, sleep quality self report
Epworth sleepiness scale
Assesses experience of excessive sleepiness
Unsafe driving in older adults
Come from vision impairment, cognitive impairment, side effects or medication, slower reaction time, muscular difficulties, limited ROM
Seniors have fewer crashes but are more likely to be injured/killed
Greater risk than self
Will benefit from education on optimal vehicle fit to benefit from safety features
OTs role in assisting older drivers
Advocate with policymakers
ADL assessment to determine if an older driver will benefit from driving specialist
Clinical and on road driving assessment and treatment plans
Modifying driving habits, AE in automobile
Ease seniors through possible transition to other transportation
Augmentative mobility
All means of locomotion that supplement ambulation
Certified driver rehab specialist
Individual who meets educational and experiential requirements and successfully completed the certification exam with association of driver rehab specialist
Driver rehab specialist
Specialists who plans, develops, coordinates, and implements driver rehab services (evaluating/training in driving/safe transportation)
Community mobility
Moving self in community and using private and public transportation such as driving or accessing buses, taxis, or public transportation systems, traffic safety
Driver educator
Professional with college degree in education with specialized study in driver education or traffic safety
Driver safety
Operation of motorized vehicle with or without AE to travel in a safe manner in coordination with other drivers on public roadway
Driver instructor
Required by many states, individual with HS degree and clean driving record, completed driver education training program and licensed by state MVC
Ecological validity
Degree to which standardized test results can be used to generalize and predict an individual’s performance in a naturalistic environment
Environmental scanning
Process of analyzing trends that allows decision-makers both to understand the external environment and the interconnections of its various sectors and to translate into planning and decision making processes
Operational demands of driving
Basic control of a motorized vehicle such as steering, acceleration, and braking functions
Strategic demands of driving
Highest level of the 3 demands; involves judgment, planning, and foresight such as choosing to reschedule trip due to a snowstorm
Tactical demands of driving
Ongoing decisions made while interacting with traffic while driving such as time/space, judgment of a safe gap for L turn
Assessment areas of driving rehab
Vision: acuity, ocular ROM, saccades, convergence/divergence, depth perception
Physical: UE ROM, LE ROM, ROM of head, neck, trunk, muscle tone, endurance, coordination, sensation, break reaction
Cognitive: clock drawing test, MMSE, judgment, rule of the toad
Driving intervention: Education
1) AARP 55-alive mature driver education program
2) CarFit program-educate older adults about the safety features of their vehicles and strategies improv personal fit to these safety features
3) driving restrictions (not at night)
4) driving cessation and caregiver education: at the crossroads: family conversations about Alzheimer’s Disease, dementia and driving
Driving intervention: cognitive perceptual training
Assess when driving cessation is needed, computer based cognitive speed of processing training
use field of view (R hemisphere stroke) decrease at fault crashes
visual tracking, visual selective attention, dual attention, video based hazard perception training
Limited evidence regarding prisms, bioptic telescopic lens
Driving intervention: physical fitness
Graduated exercise program with focus on axial and extremity conditioning, coordination, strength
Leads to fewer critical errors in behind the wheel assessment, no assessment on effectiveness in reducing crash
Beneficial for physical and cognitive perceptual approach
Driving intervention: simulator training
Decreased use in clinical intervention and research due to cost and simulator sickness
Positive simulator training and active personalized feedback improved identification of peripheral hazards, receptiveness in changing driving behaviors, improved anticipation/perception of signs, visual scanning, and L turns
Driving intervention: behind the wheel training
Based on coaching, emphasis on approaching and navigating hazards decreases crash risk
Impact of driving cessation
Relationship with depressive symptoms secondary to loss of personal identity and independence experienced with driving cessation, increased rates of isolation
Interventions for driving cessation
Find community resources that promote social engagement, develop coping mechanisms, education on alternative transportation
Working older adult
18% of 65+ work full time
Volunteering leads to meaning and social/civic engagmenet
Interventions: environmental modifications, environmental adaptations, and health promotion strategies
Productive Aging framework
Based on specific needs of older adults and communities, OT prioritizes health promotion interventions
Strategies for aging in place
Promote community mobility and driving
Support engagement in work and civic life
