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Boardz > Cardiac/resp > Flashcards

Cardiac/resp Flashcards

1
Q

Heart disease

A

Term to describe several types of cardiac conditions (arryhtmias, congenital, and heart valve d/s)

Most common CAD

Risk factors: smoking, inactivity, increased BP, DMII

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2
Q

Cardiac intervention

A

Educating/training on modifiable lifestyle factors, exercise, medication use

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3
Q

Thrombolysis

A

Procedure involving injecting clot dissolving agent, need to be within 30 minutes of pt arrival

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4
Q

Coronary angioplasty

A

PCI, balloon angioplasty ,coronary artery balloon dilation, tubing with deflated balloon threaded through artery, balloon inflated to widen block areas, can be combined with stent

Increase blood flow, decreased angina, increased ability for physical activity, used at neck/brain to prevent stroke

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5
Q

Laser angioplasty

A

Catheter has a laser tip that opens blocked artery, pulsating beams of light vaporize blocked artery to increase blood flow

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6
Q

Heart Valve Replacement

A

Repairs/replaces abnormal/diseased heart valve with a healthy one

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7
Q

Atherectomy

A

Similar to angioplasty except that catheter has rotating shaver on tip to cut away plaque

Increased blood flow, used at carotid arteries to reduce strength

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8
Q

CABG

A

Takes arteries/veins from other parts of body (graft) to reroute blood around clogged artery

Effective/common tx to tx blockages to increase blood supply and O2 to heart, relieves angina, decreases risk of heart attack, increased ability for physical activity

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9
Q

Heart transplant

A

Removes disease heart and replaces with healthy heart when damage is irreversible, need organ donor

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10
Q

Minimal invasive heart sx

A

Limited access Coronary arteries sx

Post-access coronary artery bypass (PA CAB/portcab)

Minimally invasive CABG (MidCab)

Alternative to CABG, small incision at chest, arteries from
Chest/leg are attached to heart, instruments passed through ports

Manages blockage of bloodflow, increased blood supply and O2, relieves chest pain, reduces risk of heart attack, increases ability for physical activity

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11
Q

Radiofrequency ablation

A

Catheter ablation, electrode guided through veins to heart muscle with real-team, moving xray, painless radiofrequency energy transmitted to destroy heart cells in small area

Preferred tx for arrythmias

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12
Q

Stent placement

A

Wire mesh tub used to hold open artery during angioplasty, restenosis is narrowing after stent

Hold artery open to increase blood flow and decreased angina

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13
Q

Transmyocardial revascularization

A

TMR, incision made on L breast yo expose heart, laser used to create a series of wholes

Relieves angina, increase risk of heart attack, unable to be revascularized by CABG alone

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14
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Blood thinner, decreased clotting, do not dissolve existing blood clots, used to tx blood vessel, heart, and lung conditions, prevents clots from getting bigger

Apixaban (eliquis), dabigatran (pradaxa), edoxabon (savaysa), heparin, rivaroxaban (xarelto), warfarin (coumadin)

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15
Q

Antiplatelet and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)

A

Keeps blood clots from forming by preventing blood platelets from sticking together, prevents clotting in people with heart attacks, unstable angina, ischemic strokes

Used preventively for plaque build up
Aspirin, clopidogrel (plavix), dipyridamole, prasugrel, ticagrelor, daul-lis aspirin

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16
Q

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

A

Reduces BP by widening blood vessel to reduce work load of heart, used to tx symptoms of htn and heart failure

Benzapril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisonoptil, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril

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17
Q

Angiotensin II receptor blocker/inhibitors

A

ARBS, prevent angiotensin II from having effect on heart/blood vessels, keeps BP from elevating

Used to tx symptoms of heart failure/htn

Azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartab, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan

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18
Q

Angiotensin Receptir-Neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI)

A

Combo of ARB and neprilysin inhibitor

Improve artery opening, blood flow and reduce salt retention, strain on heart, tx heart failure

Valsartan/sacubitril (entresto)

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19
Q

Beta-blockers

A

Slows heart rate and force of contraction to reduce BP, heart beats slower with less force

Txs heart attacks, htn, angina, used to prevent future heart attacks

Acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide, bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol, sotalol

20
Q

Combined alpha and beta blockers

A

Txs high BP and heart failure
Side effect is orthostatic hypotension

Carvedilol, labetalol, hydrochloride

21
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Calcium antagonist/calcium blockers interrupt movement of calcium into cells of heart and blood vessels, reduce pumping strength, relaxes blood vessel

used for increased BP, chest pain, and arrythmias

Amlodipine, diltiazen, felodipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, verapamil

22
Q

Cholesterol lowering medications

A

Drugs other than statins are usually used for patients whom statins are ineffective or serious side effects

Reduces LDL cholesterol

Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin

Nonstatins:
nicotonic acid (niacin)
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors (ezetimibe)

23
Q

Diuretics

A

Cause body yo rid self of excess fluids and sodium through urination, reduces heart work load, fluid build
Up around lungs, lowers BO, reduces edema

Acetazolamide, amiloride, Bumetanide,chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, furosemide, hydro-chlorothiazide, indapamide, metalozone, spironolactone, torsemide

24
Q

Vasodilators

A

Dilates blood vessels to reduce BP and increase blood glow so heart doesnt work as hard

Nitrates=nitroglycerin, sublingual, spray, cream

Reduces angina, Bp, used to tx hypertension in pregnancy

25
Q

Sternal precautions

A

4-12 weeks
Avoid pushing, pulling, lifting greater than 10 lbs, avoid weight into arms, don’t raise elbows above shoulder height, avoid reaching behind/twisting body

26
Q

Conservative treatment for chronic respiratory conditions

A

Smoking cessation
Medications
Steroids
Pulmonary rehab programs
Bronchodilators
Inhalers
Supplemental O2

27
Q

O2 therapy

A

Used to tx COPD, COVID19, emphysema, sleep apnea, asthma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, CHF, lung Ca, pulmonary fibrosis, pna

Air is 80%nitrogen and 20% oxygen
Healthy SPO2 is 95%; O2 therapy when below 88%

Low O2 can damage organs

28
Q

Signs of hypoxia

A

SOB
bluish tint to skin, lips, nails
Extreme fatigue
Severe headaches
Coughing
Wheezing
Fast pulse/HR
Confusion

29
Q

Types of O2 systems: compressed
Gas

A

Large cylinder stores 100% gas under pressure with regulator to control
Flow, O2 conserving device sends O2 when you inhale and stops when you exhale, eventually run out of O2

30
Q

Types of O2 systems: liquid O2

A

Thermos like container stores pure O2 as very cold liquid, when you release O2 the liquid converts to gas makes it portable outside home

31
Q

Types of O2: O2 concentrators

A

Pulls air from room, separates and compresses O2 from air while removing nitrogen, you breathe purified air, don’t run out of O2

Delivered nasal cannula, face masks, tracheotomy tube

32
Q

O2 side effects and O2 risks

A

Side effects=epistaxis, headaches in AM, fatigue

O2 risks=don’t smoke near tanks, 5ft from flares, secure O2 tank upright to a stand, never roll a cylinder, may crack causing compression and explosion, 8ft from heat producing devices, not use flammable materials aerosol spray, choose cotton clothes to reduce static electricity sparks, have fire a fire extinguisher bearby

33
Q

O2 poisoning

A

Too much oxygen, sx include chest pain, difficulty breathing, dizziness, muscle spasms, nausea, vision problems

34
Q

Hyperbaric O2 treatment

A

Pressurized chamber yo deliver 100% pure O2 to lungs, increase pressure helps lungs take more O2

Can help heal wounds, burns, infections
Tx bends/decompression syndrome which is build up of nitrogen in blood/tissues

35
Q

Assessment of resp/cardiac

A

Vitals/rate of exertion pre/post activity
Functional limitations
PE Risk (copd increases risk of PE, asses risk factors for increase risks)
Psychosocial needs of pt/caregivers (decrease QOL caring for chronic conditions)
Cognition delirium s/p sx, adherence to precautions, medical mgmt
Ability to follow restrictions

36
Q

RPE

A

Borg rate of physical exertion
Original 6-20, revised 1-10
1-10 light
12-16 somewhat hard
17-20 hard

Revised 1 really easy, 2 easy, 3 moderate, 4 sort of hard, 5/6 hard, 7/8 really hard, 9 really really hard 10 maximal

37
Q

Cardiac/respiratory intervention

A

Pt education
Exercise
Health management
Cardiac rehab
Pulmonary rehab

38
Q

Cardiac/ respiratory tx: pt education

A

Symptom mgmt, dx, ECT, mind-body-self-care (sleephygiene, relaxation , nutrition, benefits of physical acitivty, strong support to improve sleep)
Diagnosis ed (moderate support)
ECT (conscious planning, balancing activity vs. rest, alternative working methods, breathing techniques),

39
Q

Cardiac/respiratory intervention: exercise

A

Moderate support to increase ADLs, 1 hour of aerobic/resistance exercise 3x/week

Address barriers to exercise

40
Q

Health management

A

-Symptom mgmt
-Ability to effectively manage chronic cardiac/respiratory conditions
-developing health and wellness routines
- self management: ability of individual to manage sx, tx, lifestyle changes, psychosocial/cultural/spiritual consequences (moderate support based in stanford model of chronic d/s self mgmt)
-precaution/medical intervention-obstaining from activities which exacerbates condition, med mgmt
-managing O2 during activity, self id orn needs

Keep you move in the tube 4-12 weeks sternal prec

41
Q

Cardiac Rehab

A

Supports within areas of exercise, counseling, nutritional/lifestyle education, medically supervised program, classes, smoking cessation, healthy eating plan, increase fitness level, relaxation skills

36 one hour sessions = 47% decrease risk of death, 31% decrease in risk of MI, reduces re-admission

42
Q

Pulmonary rehab

A

Supervised program that helps improve lung function and QOL, breathe better

For COPD, asthma, pulmonary htn, cystic fibrosis, scoliosis

Benefits gain strength, decrease anxiety/depression sx, easier to manage routine activities, work, social activities

90% spend fewer days in hospital
85% of copd pts develop anxiety

43
Q

COPD

A

SOB, cough/sputum production, caused by smoking, forced expiratory volume during 1st to forced vital capacity ratio FEVI:FVC less than .7

44
Q

COPD intervention

A

Action plan-stop light format
Smoking cessation
Nutrition(6-8 glasses of water, 4-6 small meals for diaphragm move more easily, limit sodium/simple
Carbs)
Breathing tech (PLB, diaphragmatic breathing, coordinate with activity)
Airway clearance technique (coughing techniques due to mucus)
ECT
O2 therapy
Pt advocacy and support groups

45
Q

COPD stop light format

A

Green continue normal day activity/medication
Yellow/bad day prn meds
Red day call 911, urgent medical needa

46
Q

COPD airway clearance coughing techniquea

A

Huffing- chin tilted up mouth open sitting upright take slow deep breaths, fill lung 3/4, hold 2-3seconds and forcefully but slowly exhale, moving mucus from small to larger airways follow with cough

47
Q

Heart surgery follow up

A

Call MD with fever over 101 *
Swelling redness at incision
BP increases 140/90 or less than 90/60
HR less than 60 BPM or more than 100 BPM
Breathing changes
ADLs: wash incision/pat dry, track temp, hr, BP, incision appearance
Walk 4x/day
May resume sex when you feel
Okay maintaining precautions/protect incision

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