Health Theories HPSM Flashcards
Health promotion/theories/models
•Behavioural Change Communication.
•Health Belief model
•Theory of Reasoned Action
•Transtheoretical model (stages of change)
•Social Learning theory
•Community engagement strategies, involvement and participation in health promotion activities.
What is the scope of health promotion
Principles and disciplines of health promotion
Disciplines:health policy management
Biostatistics
Epidemiology
Principles:
Disease prevention
Disease control
Health systems research
Health education
Behavior change communication is focused on what ?
focused on the promotion of positive, sustainable practices or actions.
•Goes beyond creating awareness and building knowledge to action and sustaining it.
From Health Education to BCC
•In the past formal education techniques were used: “We teach the way we were taught”
•Communication was a one-way process from the “teacher” to the “learner”
•Assumption: “we have the information and if we tell them what to do, then we will have done our job and they will do it”
Don’t just talk to people about something, but get them to try it.
•Listen, understand and then negotiate with individuals and communities for positive behaviours to become a part of the way people live
State three health promotion theories
What does the health belief model state and the year group
Some popular theories about behaviour change
(Health promotion theories)
•Health Belief Model
•Theory of Reasoned Action
•The transtheoretical Model
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (Glanz et al., 1990)
•The model suggests that the likelihood that an individual will take action concerning a health condition is determined by the person’s desire to take action and by the perceived benefits of the action weighed against the perceived cost of barriers. The model also evaluates how individuals estimate their susceptibility to a condition and the benefits of detection and treatment for that particular illness.
Explain the theory of reasoned action,the people who coined it and the year
THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (Fishbein and Azjen ,1975)
People make conscious choices based on two factors
•how strongly they perceive the benefits to lead to a positive outcome and
•The social norms, risks, and rewards they associate with that choice.
The theory reasons that people consider their actions before they decide to perform or not perform a certain behavior
Explain the transtheoretical model,the people who coined it and the year
This model consists of two main parts.
Name them
What are the five main stages of change and the major processes of change
THE TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL (Diclemete et al. 1992)
•The Transtheoretical model suggests that, although people realize they need to make changes in their lives, they do it in stages instead of one major life change. During these stages, the person thinks about the problem, considering what to do, and decides whether or not to take action
The transtheoretical model is basically a model of change. This model consists of two main parts; the stages of change and the processes of change.
There are five main stages of change: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. These stages allow people to understand when specific changes in attitudes, intentions and behavior occur. The second part of the model is the process of change. This looks in-depth at how individuals change. The major processes of change include: consciousness raising, dramatic relief, self re-evaluation, helping relationships, counter conditioning, contingency management, stimulus control and social liberation
Explain the social learning theory
Who brought it
And what year?
most learning is gained by people’s perception and thinking about what they experience. They learn by copying the examples of others around them.”
- Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory
(Bandura, 1977)
Social learning theory emphasizes on the importance of observing and modelling the behaviours, attitudes and emotional reactions of others.
Social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context.
He stressed the importance of observational learning, imitation and modeling
State the three basic social learning concepts and define them
Basic Social Learning Concepts
•Observational Learning - People can learn through observation.
•Intrinsic Reinforcement – Mental states are important for learning. Intrinsic Reinforcement
•Intrinsic reinforcement is a form of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment
•The Modeling Process – Learning does not lead to a change in behaviour.
Under observational learning,what is a live model,verbal instructional model,symbolic model
Observational Learning
•A live model: Involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior.
•A verbal instructional model: Involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior.
•A symbolic model: Which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books, films, television programs, or online media.
Under the modeling learning process,what two factors play a role in whether social learning is successful
State the four steps involved in observational learning and modeling process
The Modeling Process
•Not all observed behaviors are effectively learned. Factors involving both the model and the learner can play a role in whether social learning is successful.
•The following 4 steps are involved in the observational learning and modeling process:
●Attention
●Retention
●Motor reproduction
●Motivation
State five cognitive factors in social learning
State the three core concepts of social learning theory
Cognitive Factors In Social Learning
•Learning without performance.
•Cognitive processing during learning.
•Expectations.
•Reciprocal Causation.
•Modeling.
Three Core Concepts Of The Social Learning Theory
•People can learn through observation
•Internal mental state is essential in the learning process
•Learning does not necessarily lead to change in behavior
What do students do under social learning theory
What Do Students Do Under This Theory
•Students often learn a great deal simply by observing other people.
•Students must believe that they are capable of accomplishing school tasks.
•Students should closely observe appropriate behaviors and learn from them.
State the common elements among the theories which promote behaviour change
Common Elements Among these theories which promote behavior change
•The advantages/benefits of adopting the behaviour exceed any disadvantages
•There is a strong, positive intention or commitment to perform the behaviour
•The individual possesses the knowledge, skills and confidence to perform the behaviour.
More common elements about the theories promoting behavior change
•Adopting the behaviour will be more likely to produce an overall positive effect than a negative one
•The behaviour is compatible with the individual’s self-image
•The perceived social pressure to perform a behaviour is greater to do it than not to do it.
What is the stages of change model
The Stages of Change Model
•Behaviour change is most often a gradual process consisting of identifiable stages
•Long term changes occur as people gain skills and increase self-confidence through repeated trials and reinforcement.
The Stages of Change Model con’d.
•Pre-awareness
•Awareness
•Contemplation
•Intention
•Trials and Practice
•Adoption
•Maintenance
•Advocacy
How is the stages of change model put into action
State the steps in the stages of change model and the corresponding thing to be done
Applying the stages of change model to the promotion of clean and safe environment. True or false
Putting it into action ….
•Individuals will have varying needs for information, support or skills depending on where they are on the steps to behaviour change continuum.
Step. What is to be done
Pre-awareness. Investigate
Aware. Information
Contemplation. Persuasion
Intention. Encouragement
Trial. Negotiate
Adoption. Discuss benefits
Maintenance. Support
Advocacy. Praise
Explain the pre awareness phase in stages of Chnage model and give an example and add what is needed at this phase
- Pre-awareness Phase
•People in this stage have no intention to change behaviour in the foreseable future, are unaware of the health hazards of unclean and unsafe environment, have not assessed their risk levels, do not realize the implications of unsafe and unclean environment.
•They just don’t know.
Examples of Pre-awareness
•What do you think?
An example
•“How long one lives does not depend on how clean or safe the environment of the person. If you go to the well known slums in the world you can find people who are hundred years and above”. “If one is born strong, he can survive all health risks around him. “Any attempt to ensure clean and safe enviroment is a wasteful venture; the money to be used for that should rather be used to buy food for people”.
What is needed here is ……..
•INFORMATION
