GEM 201 Flashcards
Explain the history of HPSM.
In which year did the Alma Ata déclaration émerge and what did this declaration emphasize?
What is the Ottawa charter and when did it come about?
State five key action areas in this charter.
State four social determinants of health
What does WHO’s health for all strategy emphasize?
What is health promotion
Definition by World Health Organization (WHO)
“Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.”
In the history of HPSM, 1.it has early foundations in the ancient times.
The early foundations:
A.This is seen in ancient civilizations such as Greek and Rome am which realized the importance of hygiene,diet and exercise in maintaining health.
B. In the Middle Ages, health practices were influenced by religious beliefs and plagues prompted quarantines
C. In the 19th century- occupational health due to industrialization causing workplace hazards
2.emergence of modern public health as a history or background in health promotion: this occurred in the late 19th-20th century. The germ theory emerged and this theory shifted the focus to disease prevention through vaccination and sanitation.
Social reforms also came up and this was to improve housing and working conditions particularly for the poor
- The Rise of Health Promotion (Mid-20th Century) 1946 - WHO Definition of Health:
• This broadened the focus from disease prevention to overall well-being.
1950s-1970s: Growing research on lifestyle diseases (e.g., heart disease, obesity) led to early health education programmes encouraging physical activity, healthy eating, and smoking cessation.
• The Alma-Ata Declaration, which emerged as a milestone of the twentieth century in the field of public health (WHO, Primary Health Care: Report of the international conference on primary health care Alma-Ata, USSR. Geneva: WHO; 1978).
The **
The Alma-Ata Declaration occurred in 1978 at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma-Ata, USSR (now Almaty, Kazakhstan).
It emphasized Primary Health Care (PHC) as the key to achieving “Health for All” and highlighted principles like equity, community participation, and intersectoral collaboration in health.
- Global Health Promotion Movement (1980s - Present)
1986 - Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion:
• A landmark document defining health promotion as “the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health.”
• Identified key action areas:
• Building healthy public policies
• Creating supportive environments
• Strengthening community action
• Developing personal skills
• Reorienting health services
1990s-Present:
• Health promotion expanded beyond individual behavior change to addressing broader social determinants of health (poverty, education, housing, and equity).
• Global initiatives, such as the WHO’s “Health for All strategy”, emphasized universal access to healthcare and sustainable development.
• Digital technology and social media transformed health education, making health information more accessible.
State the seven key points of the Alma ata declaration
Note that GH has passed the MDG and is now on the SDG
Key Points of the Alma-Ata Declaration (1978)
1. Health as a Fundamental Human Right
2. Primary Health Care (PHC) as the Key to “Health for All”|
3. Equity in Healthcare Access
4. Community Participation in Health Systems
5. Multisectoral Approach
6. International Cooperation
7. “Health for All by the Year 2000”
OR
The Alma-Ata Declaration (1978) was a landmark declaration in public health that emphasized Primary Health Care (PHC) as the key to achieving Health for All. It outlined seven key points:
1. Health as a Fundamental Human Right – Health is a basic human right, and governments are responsible for ensuring adequate healthcare for all.
2. Health Inequities Must Be Reduced – There are unacceptable inequalities in health status between and within countries, and these must be addressed.
3. Community Participation is Essential – People have the right and duty to participate in planning and implementing their healthcare.
4. Primary Health Care is the Key – PHC should be the foundation of the healthcare system, providing accessible, affordable, and essential care to individuals and communities.
5. Intersectoral Collaboration is Necessary – Health is not only a matter for the health sector; education, agriculture, housing, and other sectors must also work together.
6. Appropriate Use of Technology – Health systems should use scientifically sound, socially acceptable, and affordable medical technologies and methods.
7. Global Cooperation is Crucial – Governments, international organizations, and communities must collaborate to improve global health and promote peace and development.
What is the WHO definition of health
What is the impact of the Alma ata declaration on health ?
WHO Definition of Health (1948)
• “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
Key Points
• Introduces a holistic view that includes mental and social well-being, not just physical health.
• Sets a high standard for health, often seen as an ideal.
Impact of the Alma-Ata Declaration
• It shaped modern public health policies and led to the expansion of universal healthcare programmes
• Many countries restructured their healthcare systems to focus on primary healthcare delivery
State the millenium development goals and the sustainable development goals
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (2000-2015)
The 8 MDGs aimed to address global development challenges:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (2015-2030)
The 17 SDGs expanded on the MDGs with a broader focus on sustainability and inclusivity:
1. No poverty
2. Zero hunger
3. Good health and well-being
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
10. Reduced inequalities
11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Responsible consumption and production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water
15. Life on land
16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions
17. Partnerships for the goals
Ghana has transitioned from the MDGs to the SDGs, focusing on sustainable development across multiple sectors.
State the five key points of the atsana declaration in 2018
The Astana Declaration (2018) reaffirmed the commitment to Primary Health Care (PHC) as the foundation for achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Commitment to Universal Health Coverage (UHC):
• Reaffirmed that primary health care (PHC) is the key to achieving UHC
• Ensuring equitable access to essential health services. - Strengthening Health Systems with PHC:
• Called for people-centred health systems that integrate preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative services.
• Emphasized the role of digital health innovations and evidence-based policies in improving healthcare delivery. - Multisectoral Collaboration for Better Health Outcomes:
• Recognized that health is influenced by social, economic, and environmental factor such as education, housing, and nutrition.
• Encouraged partnerships between governments, civil society, private sectors, and international organizations.
Key Points of the Astana Declaration (2018) - 2
4. Empowering Individuals and Communities:
• Community engagement in health planning and decision-making
• Support health education, awareness campaigns, and self-care practices to promote healthier populations.
5. Global Solidarity and Investment in PHC:
• increase funding for PHC and health workforce training and retention, particularly in low-resource settings.
State and explain the five core principles in health promotion
These principles are aligned with frameworks such as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO, 1986).
1.Advocacy
• Supporting policies, systems, and environments that promote health and well-being.
• Attention on influencing public policies to create supportive environments for health.
2. Supportive Environments
• Creating enabling physical, social, and economic environments that allow people to live healthier lives through:
• Safe workplaces
• clean air
• access to green spaces
• healthy food options.
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Empowerment
• Supporting individuals and communities to take control over their health and well-being.
• It hinges on building knowledge, skills, and confidence to make healthier choices.
Participation
• Inspiring active involvement and participation of individuals and communities in decision-making processes related to their health.
• Group/team effort ensures that health initiatives reflect the needs and priorities of the people.
Holistic Approach
• Matin influend inad, pinatiand onoral, mental, social,
• It addresses the social determinants of health (e.g., income, education, housing).
Multisectoral/Intersectoral Collaboration
• Multisectoral/intersectoral inbabitiotion across sectors (e.gaci!, enucation, housing, transportation, anvironmemial, letots government and healthcare).
• Partnerships get the most out of resources and address health issues comprehensively.
Evidence-Based Practice
• Using research and best practices to guide health promotion strategies.
• Make sure interventions are effective, specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound.
Go to slides 1-7 of the health education deck to learn about health education
